Articles | Volume 13, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2645-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2645-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
16 Jun 2020
Model evaluation paper |
| 16 Jun 2020
| 16 Jun 2020
Simulated wind farm wake sensitivity to configuration choices in the Weather Research and Forecasting model version 3.8.1
Jessica M. Tomaszewski
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, 311 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Julie K. Lundquist
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado, 311 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
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Cited
38 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Mesoscale simulations of a real onshore wind power base in complex terrain: Wind farm wake behavior and power production Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122873
- Probing the atmospheric boundary layer with integrated remote-sensing platforms during the American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) campaign A. Jordan et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0211717
- Differences in cluster and internal wake effects from mesoscale and large-eddy simulations off the US East Coast M. Sanchez-Gomez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2009-2026
- Wind Farms and Humidity K. Adkins & A. Sescu https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072603
- Assessment of Wind over Complex Terrain Considering the Effects of Topography, Atmospheric Stability and Turbine Wakes A. Yamaguchi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060723
- Comparing and validating intra-farm and farm-to-farm wakes across different mesoscale and high-resolution wake models J. Fischereit et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1069-2022
- The sensitivity of the Fitch wind farm parameterization to a three-dimensional planetary boundary layer scheme A. Rybchuk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2085-2022
- A coupled turbine-interaction wind farm parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model C. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116919
- Annual impact of atmosphere stability on the southern North Sea clusters: from gravity wave detection to quantification using a reduced-order model S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032037
- Impacts on Wind Farm Wakes of the Axial Induction Correction to the Fitch WFP A. Adcroft et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032098
- Surface impacts of large offshore wind farms M. Golbazi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6e49
- The effects of wind farm wakes on freezing sea spray in the mid-Atlantic offshore wind energy areas D. Rosencrans et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-59-2025
- WRF Modeling of Deep Convection and Hail for Wind Power Applications F. Letson et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0033.1
- Significant regional climatic impacts of the wind farm redistribute air pollution in China Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2025.19
- Impact of ocean waves on offshore wind farm power production S. Porchetta et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.111
- A numerical case study of the impact of wind farm wakes on ocean surface waves in the Baltic Sea G. Mastrogiorgos et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012041
- Wind farm effects in the atmosphere and waves: a mesoscale model inter-comparison J. Fischereit et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032107
- Can reanalysis products outperform mesoscale numerical weather prediction models in modeling the wind resource in simple terrain? V. Pronk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-487-2022
- Projected cross-shore changes in upwelling induced by offshore wind farm development along the California coast K. Raghukumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00780-y
- Cross‐Border Cooperation to Mitigate Wake Losses in Offshore Wind Energy: A 2050 Case Study for the North Sea F. Fliegner et al. https://doi.org/10.1155/er/2518424
- Evaluating mesoscale model predictions of diurnal speedup events in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area of California R. Arthur et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1187-2025
- Short-term wind power forecasting in complex terrain based on spatiotemporal enhanced deep correction network Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.124342
- Spatial constraints in large-scale expansion of wind power plants E. Antonini & K. Caldeira https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103875118
- Impact of offshore wind farms on a tropical depression through the amplification effect by the downstream mountainous terrain S. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107047
- Simulating the Impacts of Wind Farm Wake under the Changes in MYNN Planetary Boundary Layer Scheme in High Resolution Weather Research and Forecasting Model T. Kaytancı et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111838
- Observations and simulations of a wind farm modifying a thunderstorm outflow boundary J. Tomaszewski & J. Lundquist https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1-2021
- Overview of preparation for the American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) P. Moriarty et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0141683
- Computation and Analysis of an Offshore Wind Power Forecast: Towards a Better Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Plant Aerodynamics Y. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124223
- Effect of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines on Atmospheric Circulation in California K. Raghukumar et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.863995
- Reviewing accuracy & reproducibility of large-scale wind resource assessments T. Pelser et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100158
- Seasonal variability of wake impacts on US mid-Atlantic offshore wind plant power production D. Rosencrans et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-555-2024
- Sea surface warming and ocean-to-atmosphere feedback driven by large-scale offshore wind farms under seasonally stratified conditions H. Seo et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adw7603
- A case study of wind farm effects using two wake parameterizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (V3.7.1) in the presence of low-level jets X. Larsén & J. Fischereit https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3141-2021
- Wind plants can impact long-term local atmospheric conditions N. Bodini et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02089-2
- Numerical modelling of offshore wind-farm cluster wakes P. Ouro et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115526
- Can we distinguish between wind-farm-wake-induced and terrain-induced surface warming? J. Lundquist et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032069
- Optimization of weather forecasting for cloud cover over the European domain using the meteorological component of the Ensemble for Stochastic Integration of Atmospheric Simulations version 1.0 Y. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1083-2023
- Wake Effects in Lower Carbon Future Scenarios J. Lundquist et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092044
38 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Mesoscale simulations of a real onshore wind power base in complex terrain: Wind farm wake behavior and power production Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.122873
- Probing the atmospheric boundary layer with integrated remote-sensing platforms during the American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) campaign A. Jordan et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0211717
- Differences in cluster and internal wake effects from mesoscale and large-eddy simulations off the US East Coast M. Sanchez-Gomez et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-11-2009-2026
- Wind Farms and Humidity K. Adkins & A. Sescu https://doi.org/10.3390/en15072603
- Assessment of Wind over Complex Terrain Considering the Effects of Topography, Atmospheric Stability and Turbine Wakes A. Yamaguchi et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15060723
- Comparing and validating intra-farm and farm-to-farm wakes across different mesoscale and high-resolution wake models J. Fischereit et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-1069-2022
- The sensitivity of the Fitch wind farm parameterization to a three-dimensional planetary boundary layer scheme A. Rybchuk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-2085-2022
- A coupled turbine-interaction wind farm parameterization in the Weather Research and Forecasting model C. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116919
- Annual impact of atmosphere stability on the southern North Sea clusters: from gravity wave detection to quantification using a reduced-order model S. Stipa et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032037
- Impacts on Wind Farm Wakes of the Axial Induction Correction to the Fitch WFP A. Adcroft et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032098
- Surface impacts of large offshore wind farms M. Golbazi et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6e49
- The effects of wind farm wakes on freezing sea spray in the mid-Atlantic offshore wind energy areas D. Rosencrans et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-59-2025
- WRF Modeling of Deep Convection and Hail for Wind Power Applications F. Letson et al. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0033.1
- Significant regional climatic impacts of the wind farm redistribute air pollution in China Q. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2025.19
- Impact of ocean waves on offshore wind farm power production S. Porchetta et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.111
- A numerical case study of the impact of wind farm wakes on ocean surface waves in the Baltic Sea G. Mastrogiorgos et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3016/1/012041
- Wind farm effects in the atmosphere and waves: a mesoscale model inter-comparison J. Fischereit et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032107
- Can reanalysis products outperform mesoscale numerical weather prediction models in modeling the wind resource in simple terrain? V. Pronk et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-7-487-2022
- Projected cross-shore changes in upwelling induced by offshore wind farm development along the California coast K. Raghukumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00780-y
- Cross‐Border Cooperation to Mitigate Wake Losses in Offshore Wind Energy: A 2050 Case Study for the North Sea F. Fliegner et al. https://doi.org/10.1155/er/2518424
- Evaluating mesoscale model predictions of diurnal speedup events in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area of California R. Arthur et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-10-1187-2025
- Short-term wind power forecasting in complex terrain based on spatiotemporal enhanced deep correction network Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.124342
- Spatial constraints in large-scale expansion of wind power plants E. Antonini & K. Caldeira https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103875118
- Impact of offshore wind farms on a tropical depression through the amplification effect by the downstream mountainous terrain S. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107047
- Simulating the Impacts of Wind Farm Wake under the Changes in MYNN Planetary Boundary Layer Scheme in High Resolution Weather Research and Forecasting Model T. Kaytancı et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111838
- Observations and simulations of a wind farm modifying a thunderstorm outflow boundary J. Tomaszewski & J. Lundquist https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-6-1-2021
- Overview of preparation for the American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) P. Moriarty et al. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0141683
- Computation and Analysis of an Offshore Wind Power Forecast: Towards a Better Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Plant Aerodynamics Y. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124223
- Effect of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines on Atmospheric Circulation in California K. Raghukumar et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.863995
- Reviewing accuracy & reproducibility of large-scale wind resource assessments T. Pelser et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adapen.2023.100158
- Seasonal variability of wake impacts on US mid-Atlantic offshore wind plant power production D. Rosencrans et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-555-2024
- Sea surface warming and ocean-to-atmosphere feedback driven by large-scale offshore wind farms under seasonally stratified conditions H. Seo et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adw7603
- A case study of wind farm effects using two wake parameterizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (V3.7.1) in the presence of low-level jets X. Larsén & J. Fischereit https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3141-2021
- Wind plants can impact long-term local atmospheric conditions N. Bodini et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02089-2
- Numerical modelling of offshore wind-farm cluster wakes P. Ouro et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115526
- Can we distinguish between wind-farm-wake-induced and terrain-induced surface warming? J. Lundquist et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3224/3/032069
- Optimization of weather forecasting for cloud cover over the European domain using the meteorological component of the Ensemble for Stochastic Integration of Atmospheric Simulations version 1.0 Y. Lu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1083-2023
- Wake Effects in Lower Carbon Future Scenarios J. Lundquist et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/9/092044
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 15 Jun 2026
Short summary
Wind farms can briefly impact the nearby environment by reducing wind speeds and mixing warmer air down to the surface. The wind farm parameterization (WFP) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is a tool that numerically simulates wind farms and these meteorological impacts. We highlight the importance of choice in model settings and find that sufficiently fine vertical and horizontal grids with turbine turbulence are needed to accurately simulate wind farm meteorological impacts.
Wind farms can briefly impact the nearby environment by reducing wind speeds and mixing warmer...
