Articles | Volume 12, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5137-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5137-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
10 Dec 2019
Model description paper |
| 10 Dec 2019
| 10 Dec 2019
PALEO-PGEM v1.0: a statistical emulator of Pliocene–Pleistocene climate
Philip B. Holden
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
Neil R. Edwards
Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK
Thiago F. Rangel
Departmento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiaìs, CP 131,
74.001-970 Goiânia, Goiaìs, Brazil
Elisa B. Pereira
Departmento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiaìs, CP 131,
74.001-970 Goiânia, Goiaìs, Brazil
Giang T. Tran
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker
Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Richard D. Wilkinson
School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, UK
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42 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Coral thermal tolerances constrain extreme Mesozoic–Cenozoic hothouse reconstructions J. Leonard et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.113957
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- Contrasting early- and late-Holocene vegetation and wildfire regimes in a high-value drinking water supply area, Canada D. Horrelt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-22-561-2026
- Sensitivity of Air Pollution Exposure and Disease Burden to Emission Changes in China Using Machine Learning Emulation L. Conibear et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GH000570
- Is there warming in the pipeline? A multi-model analysis of the Zero Emissions Commitment from CO2 A. MacDougall et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2987-2020
- Pattern scaling of simulated vegetation change in northern Africa during glacial cycles M. Duque-Villegas et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-773-2025
- The brain of the North American cheetah-like cat Miracinonyx trumani B. Figueirido et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105671
- PALEO‐PGEM‐Series: A spatial time series of the global climate over the last 5 million years (Plio‐Pleistocene) E. Barreto et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13683
- Dipole patterns in tropical precipitation were pervasive across landmasses throughout Marine Isotope Stage 5 K. Nilsson-Kerr et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00133-7
- Large-scale emulation of spatio-temporal variation in temperature under climate change X. Yuan et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abd213
- Human pre-adaptation to leishmania parasites: Insights from twelve Plio-Pleistocene fossil and archaeological sites in Africa A. Trájer https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2026.110220
- Assessing multitemporal calibration for species distribution models A. Eduardo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101787
- Climatic controls on soil production, transport and chemical erosion: Insights from modelling topography, soils and cosmogenic nuclides at Little Lake, Oregon M. Reed et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70197
- Model calibration using ESEm v1.1.0 – an open, scalable Earth system emulator D. Watson-Parris et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7659-2021
- Changing Movements in a Changing World: Modelling Early Pleistocene and Early Middle Pleistocene Climatic and Ecological Environments and Influences on Hominin Dispersal in Eurasia K. Lomborg et al. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.212
- Machine learning for weather and climate are worlds apart D. Watson-Parris https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0098
- A revised definition for copal and its significance for palaeontological and Anthropocene biodiversity-loss studies M. Solórzano-Kraemer et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76808-6
- Reviewing the Great American Biotic Interchange: climate change as a trigger for biodiversity dispersal R. Freitas-Oliveira et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2025.1745
- An integrative approach to estimating productivity in past societies using Seshat: Global History Databank P. Turchin et al. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683621994644
- Statistical mechanics in climate emulation: Challenges and perspectives I. Sudakow et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/eds.2022.15
- Tectonic and climatic drivers of Asian monsoon evolution J. Thomson et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24244-z
- Past Extinctions of Homo Species Coincided with Increased Vulnerability to Climatic Change P. Raia et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.09.007
- A Major Change in Rate of Climate Niche Envelope Evolution during Hominid History A. Mondanaro et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101693
- ExoPlaSim: Extending the Planet Simulator for exoplanets A. Paradise et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac172
- The legacy of Luca Cavalli-Sforza on human evolution M. Colucci et al. https://doi.org/10.47248/hpgg2505010001
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- pastclim 1.2: an R package to easily access and use paleoclimatic reconstructions M. Leonardi et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.06481
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- More is not always better: delta-downscaling climate model outputs from 30 to 5 min resolution has minimal impact on coherence with Late Quaternary proxies L. Timbrell et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1185-2025
- Quaternary dryland dynamics: perspectives and prospects A. Stone https://doi.org/10.1017/dry.2025.10003
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- C4 photosynthesis provided an immediate demographic advantage to populations of the grass Alloteropsis semialata G. Sotelo et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19606
- Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 26 Aug 2026
Short summary
We describe the development of the Paleoclimate PLASIM-GENIE emulator and its application to derive a high-resolution spatio-temporal description of the climate of the last 5 x 106 years. Spatial fields of bioclimatic variables are emulated at 1000-year intervals, driven by time series of scalar boundary-condition forcing (CO2, orbit, and ice volume). Emulated anomalies are interpolated into modern climatology to produce a high-resolution climate reconstruction of the Pliocene–Pleistocene.
We describe the development of the Paleoclimate PLASIM-GENIE emulator and its application to...
