Articles | Volume 12, issue 5 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2091-2019
                    © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-2091-2019
                    © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
LSCE-FFNN-v1: a two-step neural network model for the reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 over the global ocean
Anna Denvil-Sommer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
                                            
                                    
                                            Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CNRS/CEA/UVSQ/Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif Sur Yvette, 91191, France
                                        
                                    Marion Gehlen
                                            Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CNRS/CEA/UVSQ/Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif Sur Yvette, 91191, France
                                        
                                    Mathieu Vrac
                                            Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), CNRS/CEA/UVSQ/Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, Gif Sur Yvette, 91191, France
                                        
                                    Carlos Mejia
                                            Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, MNHN, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Paris, 75005, France
                                        
                                    Viewed
                        
                            Total article views: 5,919 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                        
                            
                                
                                
                            
                                
                                
                            
                        
                        
                            Cumulative views and downloads 
                                         (calculated since 07 Nov 2018)
                        
                        
                            
                                
                            
                    
        
                    
                    | HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,309 | 1,487 | 123 | 5,919 | 682 | 183 | 218 | 
- HTML: 4,309
 - PDF: 1,487
 - XML: 123
 - Total: 5,919
 - Supplement: 682
 - BibTeX: 183
 - EndNote: 218
 
                        
                            Total article views: 4,820 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                        
                            
                                
                                
                            
                                
                                
                            
                        
                        
                            Cumulative views and downloads 
                                         (calculated since 29 May 2019)
                        
                        
                            
                                
                            
                    
                    
                    | HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,739 | 971 | 110 | 4,820 | 463 | 172 | 207 | 
- HTML: 3,739
 - PDF: 971
 - XML: 110
 - Total: 4,820
 - Supplement: 463
 - BibTeX: 172
 - EndNote: 207
 
                        
                            Total article views: 1,099 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                        
                            
                                
                                
                            
                                
                                
                            
                        
                        
                            Cumulative views and downloads 
                                         (calculated since 07 Nov 2018)
                        
                        
                            
                                
                            
                    
        
                
            | HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 570 | 516 | 13 | 1,099 | 219 | 11 | 11 | 
- HTML: 570
 - PDF: 516
 - XML: 13
 - Total: 1,099
 - Supplement: 219
 - BibTeX: 11
 - EndNote: 11
 
Viewed (geographical distribution)
                                Total article views: 5,919 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                                
                                Thereof 5,495 with geography defined
                                    and 424 with unknown origin. 
                            
        
                            
                                Total article views: 4,820 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                                
                                Thereof 4,486 with geography defined
                                    and 334 with unknown origin. 
                            
        
                            
                                Total article views: 1,099 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
                                
                                Thereof 1,009 with geography defined
                                    and 90 with unknown origin. 
                            
                    | Country | # | Views | % | 
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % | 
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % | 
|---|
| Total: | 0 | 
| HTML: | 0 | 
| PDF: | 0 | 
| XML: | 0 | 
- 1
 
1
                            | Total: | 0 | 
| HTML: | 0 | 
| PDF: | 0 | 
| XML: | 0 | 
- 1
 
1
                            | Total: | 0 | 
| HTML: | 0 | 
| PDF: | 0 | 
| XML: | 0 | 
- 1
 
1
                            Cited
81 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Magnitude, Trends, and Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1985 to 2018 T. DeVries et al. 10.1029/2023GB007780
 - CMEMS-LSCE: a global, 0.25°, monthly reconstruction of the surface ocean carbonate system T. Chau et al. 10.5194/essd-16-121-2024
 - Global air-sea CO2 flux inversion based on multi-source data fusion and machine learning Y. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115963
 - Spatial and temporal variations in sea surface pCO2 and air-sea flux of CO2 in the Bering Sea revealed by satellite-based data during 2003–2019 S. Zhang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1099916
 - ML-SWAN-v1: a hybrid machine learning framework for the concentration prediction and discovery of transport pathways of surface water nutrients B. Wang et al. 10.5194/gmd-13-4253-2020
 - Reconstructing ocean subsurface salinity at high resolution using a machine learning approach T. Tian et al. 10.5194/essd-14-5037-2022
 - The Distribution of pCO2W and Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes Using FFNN at the Continental Shelf Areas of the Arctic Ocean I. Wrobel-Niedzwiecka et al. 10.3390/rs14020312
 - Variability in the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1959 to 2020 by Correcting Models With Observations V. Bennington et al. 10.1029/2022GL098632
 - Impact of Alaska atmospheric blocking on the carbon flux in the Northeast Pacific Ocean H. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106770
 - Spatial reconstruction of long-term (2003–2020) sea surface pCO2 in the South China Sea using a machine-learning-based regression method aided by empirical orthogonal function analysis Z. Wang et al. 10.5194/essd-15-1711-2023
 - Research ReportDiurnal global ocean surface pCO2 and air–sea CO2 flux reconstructed from spaceborne LiDAR data S. Zhang et al. 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad432
 - Observed Regional Fluxes to Constrain Modeled Estimates of the Ocean Carbon Sink A. Fay & G. McKinley 10.1029/2021GL095325
 - An Assessment of CO2 Uptake in the Arctic Ocean From 1985 to 2018 S. Yasunaka et al. 10.1029/2023GB007806
 - Variability of North Atlantic CO2 fluxes for the 2000–2017 period estimated from atmospheric inverse analyses Z. Chen et al. 10.5194/bg-18-4549-2021
 - Sparse observations induce large biases in estimates of the global ocean CO 2 sink: an ocean model subsampling experiment J. Hauck et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0063
 - Laboratory experiments on CO2 gas exchange with wave breaking S. Li et al. 10.1175/JPO-D-20-0272.1
 - The increasing big gap of carbon sink between the western and eastern Pacific in the last three decades G. Zhong et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.1088181
 - Quantification of Chaotic Intrinsic Variability of Sea‐Air CO2 Fluxes at Interannual Timescales M. Gehlen et al. 10.1029/2020GL088304
 - Four years of global carbon cycle observed from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) version 9 and in situ data and comparison to OCO-2 version 7 H. Peiro et al. 10.5194/acp-22-1097-2022
 - Distribution and long-term change of the sea surface carbonate system in the Mozambique Channel (1963–2019) C. Lo Monaco et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2021.104936
 - Modern air-sea flux distributions reduce uncertainty in the future ocean carbon sink G. McKinley et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc195
 - Regional sensitivity patterns of Arctic Ocean acidification revealed with machine learning J. Krasting et al. 10.1038/s43247-022-00419-4
 - Testing the reconstruction of modelled particulate organic carbon from surface ecosystem components using PlankTOM12 and machine learning A. Denvil-Sommer et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-2995-2023
 - Data-based estimates of interannual sea–air CO2 flux variations 1957–2020 and their relation to environmental drivers C. Rödenbeck et al. 10.5194/bg-19-2627-2022
 - The impact of seasonality on the annual air-sea carbon flux and its interannual variability P. Rustogi et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00378-3
 - Comparison of Machine Learning Approaches for Reconstructing Sea Subsurface Salinity Using Synthetic Data T. Tian et al. 10.3390/rs14225650
 - A comparative assessment of the uncertainties of global surface ocean CO2 estimates using a machine-learning ensemble (CSIR-ML6 version 2019a) – have we hit the wall? L. Gregor et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019
 - The quiet crossing of ocean tipping points C. Heinze et al. 10.1073/pnas.2008478118
 - Plant gross primary production, plant respiration and carbonyl sulfide emissions over the globe inferred by atmospheric inverse modelling M. Remaud et al. 10.5194/acp-22-2525-2022
 - A Review of Machine Learning Applications in Ocean Color Remote Sensing Z. Zhang et al. 10.3390/rs17101776
 - Exploring the CO2 fugacity along the east coast of South America aboard the schooner Tara L. Olivier et al. 10.5194/essd-17-3583-2025
 - Global Carbon Budget 2020 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020
 - How Well Do We Understand the Land‐Ocean‐Atmosphere Carbon Cycle? D. Crisp et al. 10.1029/2021RG000736
 - Explicit Physical Knowledge in Machine Learning for Ocean Carbon Flux Reconstruction: The pCO2‐Residual Method V. Bennington et al. 10.1029/2021MS002960
 - SeaFlux: harmonization of air–sea CO2 fluxes from surface pCO2 data products using a standardized approach A. Fay et al. 10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021
 - Surface ocean CO2 concentration and air-sea flux estimate by machine learning with modelled variable trends J. Zeng et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.989233
 - A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans T. Chau et al. 10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022
 - Data-Informed Inversion Model (DIIM): a framework to retrieve marine optical constituents using a three-stream irradiance model C. Soto López et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-7575-2025
 - The Ocean Carbon Cycle T. DeVries 10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-111307
 - Decrease in air-sea CO2 fluxes caused by persistent marine heatwaves A. Mignot et al. 10.1038/s41467-022-31983-0
 - Sea ice controls net ocean uptake of carbon dioxide by regulating wintertime stratification E. Droste et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02395-x
 - Global Carbon Budget 2021 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022
 - A deep learning approach to estimate ocean salinity with data sampled with expendable bathythermographs E. Campos et al. 10.1016/j.apor.2024.103997
 - Re-evaluating winter carbon sink in Southern Ocean by recovering MODIS-Aqua chlorophyll-a product at high solar zenith angles K. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.09.033
 - Towards monitoring the CO2 source–sink distribution over India via inverse modelling: quantifying the fine-scale spatiotemporal variability in the atmospheric CO2 mole fraction V. Thilakan et al. 10.5194/acp-22-15287-2022
 - Amplification of the Ocean Carbon Sink During El Niños: Role of Poleward Ekman Transport and Influence on Atmospheric CO2 E. Liao et al. 10.1029/2020GB006574
 - Applications of Machine Learning in Chemical and Biological Oceanography B. Sadaiappan et al. 10.1021/acsomega.2c06441
 - A mapped dataset of surface ocean acidification indicators in large marine ecosystems of the United States J. Sharp et al. 10.1038/s41597-024-03530-7
 - External Forcing Explains Recent Decadal Variability of the Ocean Carbon Sink G. McKinley et al. 10.1029/2019AV000149
 - Estimating marine carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific using a neural network approach P. Duke et al. 10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023
 - Carbon Sinks and Variations of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean From 1998 to 2018 Based on a Deep Learning Approach Y. Wang et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3066552
 - Carbon Cycle Response to Temperature Overshoot Beyond 2°C: An Analysis of CMIP6 Models I. Melnikova et al. 10.1029/2020EF001967
 - Global Carbon Budget 2019 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
 - Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux are consistent with ocean carbon inventory A. Watson et al. 10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3
 - Ocean carbonate system variability in the North Atlantic Subpolar surface water (1993–2017) C. Leseurre et al. 10.5194/bg-17-2553-2020
 - Sea surface pCO2 variability and air-sea CO2 exchange in the coastal Sudanese Red Sea E. Ali et al. 10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101796
 - OceanSODA-MDB: a standardised surface ocean carbonate system dataset for model–data intercomparisons P. Land et al. 10.5194/essd-15-921-2023
 - Global trends of ocean CO2 sink and ocean acidification: an observation-based reconstruction of surface ocean inorganic carbon variables Y. Iida et al. 10.1007/s10872-020-00571-5
 - Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 4 K. von Schuckmann et al. 10.1080/1755876X.2020.1785097
 - Recent trends in the wind-driven California current upwelling system Y. Quilfen et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112486
 - Combining deep learning with physical parameters in POC and PIC inversion from spaceborne lidar CALIOP Z. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.05.007
 - OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification L. Gregor & N. Gruber 10.5194/essd-13-777-2021
 - The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach L. Djeutchouang et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022
 - Improved Quantification of Ocean Carbon Uptake by Using Machine Learning to Merge Global Models and pCO2 Data L. Gloege et al. 10.1029/2021MS002620
 - Ocean-driven interannual variability in atmospheric CO2 quantified using OCO-2 observations and atmospheric transport simulations Y. Guan et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1272415
 - Carbon Air–Sea Flux in the Arctic Ocean from CALIPSO from 2007 to 2020 S. Zhang et al. 10.3390/rs14246196
 - Quantifying the Atmospheric CO2 Forcing Effect on Surface Ocean pCO2 in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in the Past Two Decades S. Chen et al. 10.3389/fmars.2021.636881
 - Feasibility of reconstructing the summer basin-scale sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide from sparse in situ observations over the South China Sea G. Wang et al. 10.5194/essd-13-1403-2021
 - Enhance seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO 2 by the changing Southern Ocean carbon sink J. Yun et al. 10.1126/sciadv.abq0220
 - Alternate Histories: Synthetic Large Ensembles of Sea‐Air CO2 Flux H. Olivarez et al. 10.1029/2021GB007174
 - Reconstruction of global surface ocean pCO2 using region-specific predictors based on a stepwise FFNN regression algorithm G. Zhong et al. 10.5194/bg-19-845-2022
 - National CO2 budgets (2015–2020) inferred from atmospheric CO2 observations in support of the global stocktake B. Byrne et al. 10.5194/essd-15-963-2023
 - The impact of the South-East Madagascar Bloom on the oceanic CO2 sink N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022
 - Attention-enhanced deep learning model for reconstruction and downscaling of thermocline depth in the tropical Indian Ocean Z. Feng et al. 10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102537
 - Characteristics of surface physical and biogeochemical parameters within mesoscale eddies in the Southern Ocean Q. Liu et al. 10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023
 - Bridging observations, theory and numerical simulation of the ocean using machine learning M. Sonnewald et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac0eb0
 - Observation system simulation experiments in the Atlantic Ocean for enhanced surface ocean pCO2 reconstructions A. Denvil-Sommer et al. 10.5194/os-17-1011-2021
 - A monthly surface pCO2 product for the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem J. Sharp et al. 10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022
 - Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget J. Hauck et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.571720
 - Seasonality of pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Central Labrador Sea R. Arruda et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1472697
 - From Observation to Information and Users: The Copernicus Marine Service Perspective P. Le Traon et al. 10.3389/fmars.2019.00234
 
80 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Magnitude, Trends, and Variability of the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1985 to 2018 T. DeVries et al. 10.1029/2023GB007780
 - CMEMS-LSCE: a global, 0.25°, monthly reconstruction of the surface ocean carbonate system T. Chau et al. 10.5194/essd-16-121-2024
 - Global air-sea CO2 flux inversion based on multi-source data fusion and machine learning Y. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115963
 - Spatial and temporal variations in sea surface pCO2 and air-sea flux of CO2 in the Bering Sea revealed by satellite-based data during 2003–2019 S. Zhang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1099916
 - ML-SWAN-v1: a hybrid machine learning framework for the concentration prediction and discovery of transport pathways of surface water nutrients B. Wang et al. 10.5194/gmd-13-4253-2020
 - Reconstructing ocean subsurface salinity at high resolution using a machine learning approach T. Tian et al. 10.5194/essd-14-5037-2022
 - The Distribution of pCO2W and Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes Using FFNN at the Continental Shelf Areas of the Arctic Ocean I. Wrobel-Niedzwiecka et al. 10.3390/rs14020312
 - Variability in the Global Ocean Carbon Sink From 1959 to 2020 by Correcting Models With Observations V. Bennington et al. 10.1029/2022GL098632
 - Impact of Alaska atmospheric blocking on the carbon flux in the Northeast Pacific Ocean H. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106770
 - Spatial reconstruction of long-term (2003–2020) sea surface pCO2 in the South China Sea using a machine-learning-based regression method aided by empirical orthogonal function analysis Z. Wang et al. 10.5194/essd-15-1711-2023
 - Research ReportDiurnal global ocean surface pCO2 and air–sea CO2 flux reconstructed from spaceborne LiDAR data S. Zhang et al. 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad432
 - Observed Regional Fluxes to Constrain Modeled Estimates of the Ocean Carbon Sink A. Fay & G. McKinley 10.1029/2021GL095325
 - An Assessment of CO2 Uptake in the Arctic Ocean From 1985 to 2018 S. Yasunaka et al. 10.1029/2023GB007806
 - Variability of North Atlantic CO2 fluxes for the 2000–2017 period estimated from atmospheric inverse analyses Z. Chen et al. 10.5194/bg-18-4549-2021
 - Sparse observations induce large biases in estimates of the global ocean CO 2 sink: an ocean model subsampling experiment J. Hauck et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0063
 - Laboratory experiments on CO2 gas exchange with wave breaking S. Li et al. 10.1175/JPO-D-20-0272.1
 - The increasing big gap of carbon sink between the western and eastern Pacific in the last three decades G. Zhong et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.1088181
 - Quantification of Chaotic Intrinsic Variability of Sea‐Air CO2 Fluxes at Interannual Timescales M. Gehlen et al. 10.1029/2020GL088304
 - Four years of global carbon cycle observed from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) version 9 and in situ data and comparison to OCO-2 version 7 H. Peiro et al. 10.5194/acp-22-1097-2022
 - Distribution and long-term change of the sea surface carbonate system in the Mozambique Channel (1963–2019) C. Lo Monaco et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2021.104936
 - Modern air-sea flux distributions reduce uncertainty in the future ocean carbon sink G. McKinley et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc195
 - Regional sensitivity patterns of Arctic Ocean acidification revealed with machine learning J. Krasting et al. 10.1038/s43247-022-00419-4
 - Testing the reconstruction of modelled particulate organic carbon from surface ecosystem components using PlankTOM12 and machine learning A. Denvil-Sommer et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-2995-2023
 - Data-based estimates of interannual sea–air CO2 flux variations 1957–2020 and their relation to environmental drivers C. Rödenbeck et al. 10.5194/bg-19-2627-2022
 - The impact of seasonality on the annual air-sea carbon flux and its interannual variability P. Rustogi et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00378-3
 - Comparison of Machine Learning Approaches for Reconstructing Sea Subsurface Salinity Using Synthetic Data T. Tian et al. 10.3390/rs14225650
 - A comparative assessment of the uncertainties of global surface ocean CO2 estimates using a machine-learning ensemble (CSIR-ML6 version 2019a) – have we hit the wall? L. Gregor et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019
 - The quiet crossing of ocean tipping points C. Heinze et al. 10.1073/pnas.2008478118
 - Plant gross primary production, plant respiration and carbonyl sulfide emissions over the globe inferred by atmospheric inverse modelling M. Remaud et al. 10.5194/acp-22-2525-2022
 - A Review of Machine Learning Applications in Ocean Color Remote Sensing Z. Zhang et al. 10.3390/rs17101776
 - Exploring the CO2 fugacity along the east coast of South America aboard the schooner Tara L. Olivier et al. 10.5194/essd-17-3583-2025
 - Global Carbon Budget 2020 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020
 - How Well Do We Understand the Land‐Ocean‐Atmosphere Carbon Cycle? D. Crisp et al. 10.1029/2021RG000736
 - Explicit Physical Knowledge in Machine Learning for Ocean Carbon Flux Reconstruction: The pCO2‐Residual Method V. Bennington et al. 10.1029/2021MS002960
 - SeaFlux: harmonization of air–sea CO2 fluxes from surface pCO2 data products using a standardized approach A. Fay et al. 10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021
 - Surface ocean CO2 concentration and air-sea flux estimate by machine learning with modelled variable trends J. Zeng et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.989233
 - A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans T. Chau et al. 10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022
 - Data-Informed Inversion Model (DIIM): a framework to retrieve marine optical constituents using a three-stream irradiance model C. Soto López et al. 10.5194/gmd-18-7575-2025
 - The Ocean Carbon Cycle T. DeVries 10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-111307
 - Decrease in air-sea CO2 fluxes caused by persistent marine heatwaves A. Mignot et al. 10.1038/s41467-022-31983-0
 - Sea ice controls net ocean uptake of carbon dioxide by regulating wintertime stratification E. Droste et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02395-x
 - Global Carbon Budget 2021 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022
 - A deep learning approach to estimate ocean salinity with data sampled with expendable bathythermographs E. Campos et al. 10.1016/j.apor.2024.103997
 - Re-evaluating winter carbon sink in Southern Ocean by recovering MODIS-Aqua chlorophyll-a product at high solar zenith angles K. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.09.033
 - Towards monitoring the CO2 source–sink distribution over India via inverse modelling: quantifying the fine-scale spatiotemporal variability in the atmospheric CO2 mole fraction V. Thilakan et al. 10.5194/acp-22-15287-2022
 - Amplification of the Ocean Carbon Sink During El Niños: Role of Poleward Ekman Transport and Influence on Atmospheric CO2 E. Liao et al. 10.1029/2020GB006574
 - Applications of Machine Learning in Chemical and Biological Oceanography B. Sadaiappan et al. 10.1021/acsomega.2c06441
 - A mapped dataset of surface ocean acidification indicators in large marine ecosystems of the United States J. Sharp et al. 10.1038/s41597-024-03530-7
 - External Forcing Explains Recent Decadal Variability of the Ocean Carbon Sink G. McKinley et al. 10.1029/2019AV000149
 - Estimating marine carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific using a neural network approach P. Duke et al. 10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023
 - Carbon Sinks and Variations of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean From 1998 to 2018 Based on a Deep Learning Approach Y. Wang et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3066552
 - Carbon Cycle Response to Temperature Overshoot Beyond 2°C: An Analysis of CMIP6 Models I. Melnikova et al. 10.1029/2020EF001967
 - Global Carbon Budget 2019 P. Friedlingstein et al. 10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
 - Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux are consistent with ocean carbon inventory A. Watson et al. 10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3
 - Ocean carbonate system variability in the North Atlantic Subpolar surface water (1993–2017) C. Leseurre et al. 10.5194/bg-17-2553-2020
 - Sea surface pCO2 variability and air-sea CO2 exchange in the coastal Sudanese Red Sea E. Ali et al. 10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101796
 - OceanSODA-MDB: a standardised surface ocean carbonate system dataset for model–data intercomparisons P. Land et al. 10.5194/essd-15-921-2023
 - Global trends of ocean CO2 sink and ocean acidification: an observation-based reconstruction of surface ocean inorganic carbon variables Y. Iida et al. 10.1007/s10872-020-00571-5
 - Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State Report, Issue 4 K. von Schuckmann et al. 10.1080/1755876X.2020.1785097
 - Recent trends in the wind-driven California current upwelling system Y. Quilfen et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112486
 - Combining deep learning with physical parameters in POC and PIC inversion from spaceborne lidar CALIOP Z. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.05.007
 - OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification L. Gregor & N. Gruber 10.5194/essd-13-777-2021
 - The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach L. Djeutchouang et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022
 - Improved Quantification of Ocean Carbon Uptake by Using Machine Learning to Merge Global Models and pCO2 Data L. Gloege et al. 10.1029/2021MS002620
 - Ocean-driven interannual variability in atmospheric CO2 quantified using OCO-2 observations and atmospheric transport simulations Y. Guan et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1272415
 - Carbon Air–Sea Flux in the Arctic Ocean from CALIPSO from 2007 to 2020 S. Zhang et al. 10.3390/rs14246196
 - Quantifying the Atmospheric CO2 Forcing Effect on Surface Ocean pCO2 in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre in the Past Two Decades S. Chen et al. 10.3389/fmars.2021.636881
 - Feasibility of reconstructing the summer basin-scale sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide from sparse in situ observations over the South China Sea G. Wang et al. 10.5194/essd-13-1403-2021
 - Enhance seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO 2 by the changing Southern Ocean carbon sink J. Yun et al. 10.1126/sciadv.abq0220
 - Alternate Histories: Synthetic Large Ensembles of Sea‐Air CO2 Flux H. Olivarez et al. 10.1029/2021GB007174
 - Reconstruction of global surface ocean pCO2 using region-specific predictors based on a stepwise FFNN regression algorithm G. Zhong et al. 10.5194/bg-19-845-2022
 - National CO2 budgets (2015–2020) inferred from atmospheric CO2 observations in support of the global stocktake B. Byrne et al. 10.5194/essd-15-963-2023
 - The impact of the South-East Madagascar Bloom on the oceanic CO2 sink N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/bg-19-1451-2022
 - Attention-enhanced deep learning model for reconstruction and downscaling of thermocline depth in the tropical Indian Ocean Z. Feng et al. 10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102537
 - Characteristics of surface physical and biogeochemical parameters within mesoscale eddies in the Southern Ocean Q. Liu et al. 10.5194/bg-20-4857-2023
 - Bridging observations, theory and numerical simulation of the ocean using machine learning M. Sonnewald et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ac0eb0
 - Observation system simulation experiments in the Atlantic Ocean for enhanced surface ocean pCO2 reconstructions A. Denvil-Sommer et al. 10.5194/os-17-1011-2021
 - A monthly surface pCO2 product for the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem J. Sharp et al. 10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022
 - Consistency and Challenges in the Ocean Carbon Sink Estimate for the Global Carbon Budget J. Hauck et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.571720
 - Seasonality of pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Central Labrador Sea R. Arruda et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1472697
 
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 03 Nov 2025
Short summary
            This work is dedicated to a new model that reconstructs the surface ocean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) over the global ocean on a monthly 1°×1° grid. The model is based on a feed-forward neural network and represents the nonlinear relationships between pCO2 and the ocean drivers. Reconstructed pCO2  has a satisfying accuracy compared to independent observational data and shows a good agreement in seasonal and interannual variability with three existing mapping methods.
            This work is dedicated to a new model that reconstructs the surface ocean partial pressure of...