Articles | Volume 8, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1493-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1493-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
An improved representation of physical permafrost dynamics in the JULES land-surface model
Earth System Sciences, Laver Building, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
Met Office Hadley Centre, Fitzroy Road, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK
R. Essery
Grant Institute, The King's Buildings, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), 14473 Potsdam, Germany
M. Langer
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l'Environnement (LGGE) BP 96 38402 St Martin d'Hères CEDEX, France
M. Heikenfeld
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
Earth System Sciences, Laver Building, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
P. Friedlingstein
Earth System Sciences, Laver Building, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK
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Cited
69 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Modeling the Vegetation Dynamics of Northern Shrubs and Mosses in the ORCHIDEE Land Surface Model A. Druel et al. 10.1029/2018MS001531
- Air warming trends linked to permafrost warming in the sub-Arctic catchment of Tarfala, Sweden R. Pannetier & A. Frampton 10.3402/polar.v35.28978
- The impact of tree canopy structure on understory variation in a boreal forest T. Majasalmi & M. Rautiainen 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118100
- Influences and interactions of inundation, peat, and snow on active layer thickness A. Atchley et al. 10.1002/2016GL068550
- Water Migration and Segregated Ice Formation in Frozen Ground: Current Advances and Future Perspectives Z. Fu et al. 10.3389/feart.2022.826961
- Effects of bryophyte and lichen cover on permafrost soil temperature at large scale P. Porada et al. 10.5194/tc-10-2291-2016
- Testing the capability of ORCHIDEE land surface model to simulate Arctic ecosystems: Sensitivity analysis and site‐level model calibration S. Dantec‐Nédélec et al. 10.1002/2016MS000860
- Improvement of modeling plant responses to low soil moisture in JULESvn4.9 and evaluation against flux tower measurements A. Harper et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021
- Ground subsidence effects on simulating dynamic high-latitude surface inundation under permafrost thaw using CLM5 A. Ekici et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-5291-2019
- A new approach to simulate peat accumulation, degradation and stability in a global land surface scheme (JULES vn5.8_accumulate_soil) for northern and temperate peatlands S. Chadburn et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-1633-2022
- Water and heat coupling processes and its simulation in frozen soils: Current status and future research directions G. Hu et al. 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106844
- PALADYN v1.0, a comprehensive land surface–vegetation–carbon cycle model of intermediate complexity M. Willeit & A. Ganopolski 10.5194/gmd-9-3817-2016
- Transient modeling of the ground thermal conditions using satellite data in the Lena River delta, Siberia S. Westermann et al. 10.5194/tc-11-1441-2017
- Frozen soil hydrological modeling for a mountainous catchment northeast of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau H. Gao et al. 10.5194/hess-26-4187-2022
- A 16-year record (2002–2017) of permafrost, active-layer, and meteorological conditions at the Samoylov Island Arctic permafrost research site, Lena River delta, northern Siberia: an opportunity to validate remote-sensing data and land surface, snow, and permafrost models J. Boike et al. 10.5194/essd-11-261-2019
- The influence of snow cover, air temperature, and groundwater flow on the active-layer thermal regime of Arctic hillslopes drained by water tracks C. Rushlow et al. 10.1007/s10040-020-02166-2
- Simulating Increased Permafrost Peatland Plant Productivity in Response to Belowground Fertilisation Using the JULES Land Surface Model R. Vitali et al. 10.3390/nitrogen3020018
- On the Spin‐Up Strategy for Spatial Modeling of Permafrost Dynamics: A Case Study on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau H. Ji et al. 10.1029/2021MS002750
- How can the First ISLSCP Field Experiment contribute to present-day efforts to evaluate water stress in JULESv5.0? K. Williams et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-3207-2019
- Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data to derive corrections to precipitation data sets and improve modelled snow mass at high latitudes E. Robinson & D. Clark 10.5194/hess-24-1763-2020
- Estimation of Permafrost SOC Stock and Turnover Time Using a Land Surface Model With Vertical Heterogeneity of Permafrost Soils S. Shu et al. 10.1029/2020GB006585
- What conditions favor the influence of seasonally frozen ground on hydrological partitioning? A systematic review P. Ala-Aho et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/abe82c
- A vertical representation of soil carbon in the JULES land surface scheme (vn4.3_permafrost) with a focus on permafrost regions E. Burke et al. 10.5194/gmd-10-959-2017
- Impact of model developments on present and future simulations of permafrost in a global land-surface model S. Chadburn et al. 10.5194/tc-9-1505-2015
- Evaluation of soil thermal conductivity schemes incorporated into CLM5.0 in permafrost regions on the Tibetan Plateau S. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115330
- Numerical Assessments of Excess Ice Impacts on Permafrost and Greenhouse Gases in a Siberian Tundra Site Under a Warming Climate H. Park et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.704447
- Evaluation of the Performance of CLM5.0 in Soil Hydrothermal Dynamics in Permafrost Regions on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau S. Yang et al. 10.3390/rs14246228
- Progress in space-borne studies of permafrost for climate science: Towards a multi-ECV approach A. Trofaier et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2017.05.021
- Simulating the thermal regime and thaw processes of ice-rich permafrost ground with the land-surface model CryoGrid 3 S. Westermann et al. 10.5194/gmd-9-523-2016
- Climate policy implications of nonlinear decline of Arctic land permafrost and other cryosphere elements D. Yumashev et al. 10.1038/s41467-019-09863-x
- ORCHIDEE-MICT (v8.4.1), a land surface model for the high latitudes: model description and validation M. Guimberteau et al. 10.5194/gmd-11-121-2018
- Quantifying uncertainties of permafrost carbon–climate feedbacks E. Burke et al. 10.5194/bg-14-3051-2017
- Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options G. Hayman et al. 10.5194/esd-12-513-2021
- Understanding the relative importance of vertical and horizontal flow in ice-wedge polygons N. Wales et al. 10.5194/hess-24-1109-2020
- Seasonal dynamics of Arctic soils: Capturing year-round processes in measurements and soil biogeochemical models Z. Lyu et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104820
- Freshwater vulnerability under high end climate change. A pan-European assessment A. Koutroulis et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.074
- Improving permafrost physics in the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (v.3.6.2) and Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (v.2.1) (CLASS-CTEM) J. Melton et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-4443-2019
- An Overview of Parameterezations of Heat Transfer over Moss-Covered Surfaces in the Earth System Models V. Stepanenko et al. 10.1134/S0001433820020139
- CO 2 loss by permafrost thawing implies additional emissions reductions to limit warming to 1.5 or 2 °C E. Burke et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/aaa138
- Room for improvement: A review and evaluation of 24 soil thermal conductivity parameterization schemes commonly used in land-surface, hydrological, and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer models H. He et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103419
- Explicitly modelling microtopography in permafrost landscapes in a land surface model (JULES vn5.4_microtopography) N. Smith et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-3603-2022
- Towards a more detailed representation of high-latitude vegetation in the global land surface model ORCHIDEE (ORC-HL-VEGv1.0) A. Druel et al. 10.5194/gmd-10-4693-2017
- Land-use emissions play a critical role in land-based mitigation for Paris climate targets A. Harper et al. 10.1038/s41467-018-05340-z
- Extending a land-surface model with <i>Sphagnum</i> moss to simulate responses of a northern temperate bog to whole ecosystem warming and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> X. Shi et al. 10.5194/bg-18-467-2021
- JULES-CN: a coupled terrestrial carbon–nitrogen scheme (JULES vn5.1) A. Wiltshire et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-2161-2021
- Modeled Microbial Dynamics Explain the Apparent Temperature Sensitivity of Wetland Methane Emissions S. Chadburn et al. 10.1029/2020GB006678
- Thaw processes in ice-rich permafrost landscapes represented with laterally coupled tiles in a land surface model K. Aas et al. 10.5194/tc-13-591-2019
- Improved thermal conductivity parameterization of SHAW model in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau M. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.104057
- Increase in severe and extreme soil moisture droughts for Europe under climate change M. Grillakis 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.001
- An inverse dielectric mixing model at 50 MHz that considers soil organic carbon C. Park et al. 10.5194/hess-25-6407-2021
- Improving the representation of fire disturbance in dynamic vegetation models by assimilating satellite data: a case study over the Arctic E. Kantzas et al. 10.5194/gmd-8-2597-2015
- Global evaluation of gross primary productivity in the JULES land surface model v3.4.1 D. Slevin et al. 10.5194/gmd-10-2651-2017
- Carbon stocks and fluxes in the high latitudes: using site-level data to evaluate Earth system models S. Chadburn et al. 10.5194/bg-14-5143-2017
- The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges M. Beniston et al. 10.5194/tc-12-759-2018
- Climate-Induced Shifts in Global Soil Temperature Regimes M. Grillakis et al. 10.1097/SS.0000000000000156
- The importance of a surface organic layer in simulating permafrost thermal and carbon dynamics E. Jafarov & K. Schaefer 10.5194/tc-10-465-2016
- The Arctic Carbon Cycle and Its Response to Changing Climate L. Bruhwiler et al. 10.1007/s40641-020-00169-5
- Semi-automated calibration method for modelling of mountain permafrost evolution in Switzerland A. Marmy et al. 10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016
- Advances in modelling large river basins in cold regions with Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire—Surface and Hydrology (MESH), the Canadian hydrological land surface scheme H. Wheater et al. 10.1002/hyp.14557
- Carbon budgets for 1.5 and 2 °C targets lowered by natural wetland and permafrost feedbacks E. Comyn-Platt et al. 10.1038/s41561-018-0174-9
- Evaluating thermal conductivity of soil-rock mixtures in Qinghai-Tibet plateau based on theory models and machine learning methods Q. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109210
- Infiltration from the Pedon to Global Grid Scales: An Overview and Outlook for Land Surface Modeling H. Vereecken et al. 10.2136/vzj2018.10.0191
- Modeling snowpack dynamics and surface energy budget in boreal and subarctic peatlands and forests J. Nousu et al. 10.5194/tc-18-231-2024
- Soil Physical, Hydraulic, and Thermal Properties in Interior Alaska, USA: Implications for Hydrologic Response to Thawing Permafrost Conditions B. Ebel et al. 10.1029/2018WR023673
- A permafrost implementation in the simple carbon–climate model Hector v.2.3pf D. Woodard et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-4751-2021
- Modeling the Effect of Moss Cover on Soil Temperature and Carbon Fluxes at a Tundra Site in Northeastern Siberia H. Park et al. 10.1029/2018JG004491
- Effect of soil property uncertainties on permafrost thaw projections: a calibration-constrained analysis D. Harp et al. 10.5194/tc-10-341-2016
- Water and heat coupling processes and its simulation in frozen soils: Current status and future research directions G. Hu et al. 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106844
- Comparison of effects of cold‐region soil/snow processes and the uncertainties from model forcing data on permafrost physical characteristics R. Barman & A. Jain 10.1002/2015MS000504
67 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Modeling the Vegetation Dynamics of Northern Shrubs and Mosses in the ORCHIDEE Land Surface Model A. Druel et al. 10.1029/2018MS001531
- Air warming trends linked to permafrost warming in the sub-Arctic catchment of Tarfala, Sweden R. Pannetier & A. Frampton 10.3402/polar.v35.28978
- The impact of tree canopy structure on understory variation in a boreal forest T. Majasalmi & M. Rautiainen 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118100
- Influences and interactions of inundation, peat, and snow on active layer thickness A. Atchley et al. 10.1002/2016GL068550
- Water Migration and Segregated Ice Formation in Frozen Ground: Current Advances and Future Perspectives Z. Fu et al. 10.3389/feart.2022.826961
- Effects of bryophyte and lichen cover on permafrost soil temperature at large scale P. Porada et al. 10.5194/tc-10-2291-2016
- Testing the capability of ORCHIDEE land surface model to simulate Arctic ecosystems: Sensitivity analysis and site‐level model calibration S. Dantec‐Nédélec et al. 10.1002/2016MS000860
- Improvement of modeling plant responses to low soil moisture in JULESvn4.9 and evaluation against flux tower measurements A. Harper et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-3269-2021
- Ground subsidence effects on simulating dynamic high-latitude surface inundation under permafrost thaw using CLM5 A. Ekici et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-5291-2019
- A new approach to simulate peat accumulation, degradation and stability in a global land surface scheme (JULES vn5.8_accumulate_soil) for northern and temperate peatlands S. Chadburn et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-1633-2022
- Water and heat coupling processes and its simulation in frozen soils: Current status and future research directions G. Hu et al. 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106844
- PALADYN v1.0, a comprehensive land surface–vegetation–carbon cycle model of intermediate complexity M. Willeit & A. Ganopolski 10.5194/gmd-9-3817-2016
- Transient modeling of the ground thermal conditions using satellite data in the Lena River delta, Siberia S. Westermann et al. 10.5194/tc-11-1441-2017
- Frozen soil hydrological modeling for a mountainous catchment northeast of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau H. Gao et al. 10.5194/hess-26-4187-2022
- A 16-year record (2002–2017) of permafrost, active-layer, and meteorological conditions at the Samoylov Island Arctic permafrost research site, Lena River delta, northern Siberia: an opportunity to validate remote-sensing data and land surface, snow, and permafrost models J. Boike et al. 10.5194/essd-11-261-2019
- The influence of snow cover, air temperature, and groundwater flow on the active-layer thermal regime of Arctic hillslopes drained by water tracks C. Rushlow et al. 10.1007/s10040-020-02166-2
- Simulating Increased Permafrost Peatland Plant Productivity in Response to Belowground Fertilisation Using the JULES Land Surface Model R. Vitali et al. 10.3390/nitrogen3020018
- On the Spin‐Up Strategy for Spatial Modeling of Permafrost Dynamics: A Case Study on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau H. Ji et al. 10.1029/2021MS002750
- How can the First ISLSCP Field Experiment contribute to present-day efforts to evaluate water stress in JULESv5.0? K. Williams et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-3207-2019
- Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data to derive corrections to precipitation data sets and improve modelled snow mass at high latitudes E. Robinson & D. Clark 10.5194/hess-24-1763-2020
- Estimation of Permafrost SOC Stock and Turnover Time Using a Land Surface Model With Vertical Heterogeneity of Permafrost Soils S. Shu et al. 10.1029/2020GB006585
- What conditions favor the influence of seasonally frozen ground on hydrological partitioning? A systematic review P. Ala-Aho et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/abe82c
- A vertical representation of soil carbon in the JULES land surface scheme (vn4.3_permafrost) with a focus on permafrost regions E. Burke et al. 10.5194/gmd-10-959-2017
- Impact of model developments on present and future simulations of permafrost in a global land-surface model S. Chadburn et al. 10.5194/tc-9-1505-2015
- Evaluation of soil thermal conductivity schemes incorporated into CLM5.0 in permafrost regions on the Tibetan Plateau S. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115330
- Numerical Assessments of Excess Ice Impacts on Permafrost and Greenhouse Gases in a Siberian Tundra Site Under a Warming Climate H. Park et al. 10.3389/feart.2021.704447
- Evaluation of the Performance of CLM5.0 in Soil Hydrothermal Dynamics in Permafrost Regions on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau S. Yang et al. 10.3390/rs14246228
- Progress in space-borne studies of permafrost for climate science: Towards a multi-ECV approach A. Trofaier et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2017.05.021
- Simulating the thermal regime and thaw processes of ice-rich permafrost ground with the land-surface model CryoGrid 3 S. Westermann et al. 10.5194/gmd-9-523-2016
- Climate policy implications of nonlinear decline of Arctic land permafrost and other cryosphere elements D. Yumashev et al. 10.1038/s41467-019-09863-x
- ORCHIDEE-MICT (v8.4.1), a land surface model for the high latitudes: model description and validation M. Guimberteau et al. 10.5194/gmd-11-121-2018
- Quantifying uncertainties of permafrost carbon–climate feedbacks E. Burke et al. 10.5194/bg-14-3051-2017
- Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options G. Hayman et al. 10.5194/esd-12-513-2021
- Understanding the relative importance of vertical and horizontal flow in ice-wedge polygons N. Wales et al. 10.5194/hess-24-1109-2020
- Seasonal dynamics of Arctic soils: Capturing year-round processes in measurements and soil biogeochemical models Z. Lyu et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104820
- Freshwater vulnerability under high end climate change. A pan-European assessment A. Koutroulis et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.074
- Improving permafrost physics in the coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (v.3.6.2) and Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (v.2.1) (CLASS-CTEM) J. Melton et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-4443-2019
- An Overview of Parameterezations of Heat Transfer over Moss-Covered Surfaces in the Earth System Models V. Stepanenko et al. 10.1134/S0001433820020139
- CO 2 loss by permafrost thawing implies additional emissions reductions to limit warming to 1.5 or 2 °C E. Burke et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/aaa138
- Room for improvement: A review and evaluation of 24 soil thermal conductivity parameterization schemes commonly used in land-surface, hydrological, and soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer models H. He et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103419
- Explicitly modelling microtopography in permafrost landscapes in a land surface model (JULES vn5.4_microtopography) N. Smith et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-3603-2022
- Towards a more detailed representation of high-latitude vegetation in the global land surface model ORCHIDEE (ORC-HL-VEGv1.0) A. Druel et al. 10.5194/gmd-10-4693-2017
- Land-use emissions play a critical role in land-based mitigation for Paris climate targets A. Harper et al. 10.1038/s41467-018-05340-z
- Extending a land-surface model with <i>Sphagnum</i> moss to simulate responses of a northern temperate bog to whole ecosystem warming and elevated CO<sub>2</sub> X. Shi et al. 10.5194/bg-18-467-2021
- JULES-CN: a coupled terrestrial carbon–nitrogen scheme (JULES vn5.1) A. Wiltshire et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-2161-2021
- Modeled Microbial Dynamics Explain the Apparent Temperature Sensitivity of Wetland Methane Emissions S. Chadburn et al. 10.1029/2020GB006678
- Thaw processes in ice-rich permafrost landscapes represented with laterally coupled tiles in a land surface model K. Aas et al. 10.5194/tc-13-591-2019
- Improved thermal conductivity parameterization of SHAW model in permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau M. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.104057
- Increase in severe and extreme soil moisture droughts for Europe under climate change M. Grillakis 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.001
- An inverse dielectric mixing model at 50 MHz that considers soil organic carbon C. Park et al. 10.5194/hess-25-6407-2021
- Improving the representation of fire disturbance in dynamic vegetation models by assimilating satellite data: a case study over the Arctic E. Kantzas et al. 10.5194/gmd-8-2597-2015
- Global evaluation of gross primary productivity in the JULES land surface model v3.4.1 D. Slevin et al. 10.5194/gmd-10-2651-2017
- Carbon stocks and fluxes in the high latitudes: using site-level data to evaluate Earth system models S. Chadburn et al. 10.5194/bg-14-5143-2017
- The European mountain cryosphere: a review of its current state, trends, and future challenges M. Beniston et al. 10.5194/tc-12-759-2018
- Climate-Induced Shifts in Global Soil Temperature Regimes M. Grillakis et al. 10.1097/SS.0000000000000156
- The importance of a surface organic layer in simulating permafrost thermal and carbon dynamics E. Jafarov & K. Schaefer 10.5194/tc-10-465-2016
- The Arctic Carbon Cycle and Its Response to Changing Climate L. Bruhwiler et al. 10.1007/s40641-020-00169-5
- Semi-automated calibration method for modelling of mountain permafrost evolution in Switzerland A. Marmy et al. 10.5194/tc-10-2693-2016
- Advances in modelling large river basins in cold regions with Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire—Surface and Hydrology (MESH), the Canadian hydrological land surface scheme H. Wheater et al. 10.1002/hyp.14557
- Carbon budgets for 1.5 and 2 °C targets lowered by natural wetland and permafrost feedbacks E. Comyn-Platt et al. 10.1038/s41561-018-0174-9
- Evaluating thermal conductivity of soil-rock mixtures in Qinghai-Tibet plateau based on theory models and machine learning methods Q. Wang et al. 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109210
- Infiltration from the Pedon to Global Grid Scales: An Overview and Outlook for Land Surface Modeling H. Vereecken et al. 10.2136/vzj2018.10.0191
- Modeling snowpack dynamics and surface energy budget in boreal and subarctic peatlands and forests J. Nousu et al. 10.5194/tc-18-231-2024
- Soil Physical, Hydraulic, and Thermal Properties in Interior Alaska, USA: Implications for Hydrologic Response to Thawing Permafrost Conditions B. Ebel et al. 10.1029/2018WR023673
- A permafrost implementation in the simple carbon–climate model Hector v.2.3pf D. Woodard et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-4751-2021
- Modeling the Effect of Moss Cover on Soil Temperature and Carbon Fluxes at a Tundra Site in Northeastern Siberia H. Park et al. 10.1029/2018JG004491
- Effect of soil property uncertainties on permafrost thaw projections: a calibration-constrained analysis D. Harp et al. 10.5194/tc-10-341-2016
2 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Water and heat coupling processes and its simulation in frozen soils: Current status and future research directions G. Hu et al. 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106844
- Comparison of effects of cold‐region soil/snow processes and the uncertainties from model forcing data on permafrost physical characteristics R. Barman & A. Jain 10.1002/2015MS000504
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Latest update: 21 Nov 2024
Short summary
Permafrost, ground that is frozen for 2 or more years, is found extensively in the Arctic. It stores large quantities of carbon, which may be released under climate warming, so it is important to include it in climate models. Here we improve the representation of permafrost in a climate model land-surface scheme, both in the numerical representation of soil and snow, and by adding the effects of organic soils and moss. Site simulations show significantly improved soil temperature and thaw depth.
Permafrost, ground that is frozen for 2 or more years, is found extensively in the Arctic. It...