Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development
GMD
Articles | Volume 18, issue 12
Articles | Volume 18, issue 12
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3583-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-3583-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 18, issue 12
Model description paper
 | 
18 Jun 2025
Model description paper |  | 18 Jun 2025

A Flexible Snow Model (FSM 2.1.1) including a forest canopy

Richard Essery, Giulia Mazzotti, Sarah Barr, Tobias Jonas, Tristan Quaife, and Nick Rutter

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Latest update: 22 Oct 2025
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Short summary
How forests influence accumulation and melt of snow on the ground is of long-standing interest, but uncertainty remains in how best to model forest snow processes. We developed the Flexible Snow Model version 2 to quantify these uncertainties. In a first model demonstration, how unloading of intercepted snow from the forest canopy is represented is responsible for the largest uncertainty. Global mapping of forest distribution is also likely to be a large source of uncertainty in existing models.
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