Geoscientific Model Development
Geoscientific Model Development
GMD
Articles | Volume 16, issue 21
Articles | Volume 16, issue 21
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6309-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6309-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 16, issue 21
Model description paper
 | 
07 Nov 2023
Model description paper |  | 07 Nov 2023

IMEX_SfloW2D v2: a depth-averaged numerical flow model for volcanic gas–particle flows over complex topographies and water

Mattia de' Michieli Vitturi, Tomaso Esposti Ongaro, and Samantha Engwell

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Latest update: 28 Oct 2025
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Short summary
We present version 2 of the numerical code IMEX-SfloW2D. With this version it is possible to simulate a wide range of volcanic mass flows (pyroclastic avalanches, lahars, pyroclastic surges), and here we present its application to transient dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). A simulation of the 1883 Krakatau eruption demonstrates the capability of the numerical model to face a complex natural case involving the propagation of PDCs over the sea surface and across topographic obstacles.
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