Articles | Volume 16, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1975-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1975-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Understanding AMOC stability: the North Atlantic Hosing Model Intercomparison Project
Laura C. Jackson
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Met Office, Exeter, UK
Eduardo Alastrué de Asenjo
Climate Variability, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
International Max Planck Research School on Earth System Modelling, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Katinka Bellomo
National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Turin, Italy
Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Polytechnic University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Gokhan Danabasoglu
Climate and Global Dynamics Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
Helmuth Haak
Climate Variability, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Climate and Global Dynamics Lab, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
Johann Jungclaus
Climate Variability, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Warren Lee
CCCma, Victoria, BC, Canada
Virna L. Meccia
National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Italy
Oleg Saenko
CCCma, Victoria, BC, Canada
SEOS, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Andrew Shao
CCCma, Victoria, BC, Canada
Didier Swingedouw
Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33600 Pessac, France
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Cited
60 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Revisiting climate impacts of an AMOC slowdown: dependence on freshwater locations in the North Atlantic Q. Ma et al.
- Freshwater input from glacier melt outside Greenland alters modeled northern high-latitude ocean circulation J. Malles et al.
- Extreme cold events in Europe under a reduced AMOC V. Meccia et al.
- A saddle-node bifurcation may be causing the AMOC collapse in the Community Earth System Model R. van Westen et al.
- A potential collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation may stabilise eastern Amazonian rainforests D. Nian et al.
- Controlling factors for the global meridional overturning circulation: A lesson from the Paleozoic S. Yuan et al.
- The interaction of solar radiation modification with Earth system tipping elements G. Futerman et al.
- Sea level variability and modeling in the Gulf of Guinea using supervised machine learning A. Ayinde et al.
- Unraveling the Complexity of Global Climate Dynamics: Interactions among El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and Tropical Basins Across Different Timescales A. Hu et al.
- Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet N. Bochow et al.
- Meltwater from West Antarctic ice sheet tipping affects AMOC resilience S. Sinet et al.
- AMOC and North Atlantic Ocean Decadal Variability: A Review D. Seidov et al.
- Response of atmospheric pCO$$_2$$ to a strong AMOC weakening under low and high emission scenarios A. Boot et al.
- Atmospheric Δ14C in the northern and southern hemispheres over the past two millennia: Role of production rate, southern hemisphere westerly winds and ocean circulation changes H. Goosse et al.
- Noise-shaped hysteresis cycles of the AMOC under increasing CO2 forcing M. Cini et al.
- Atlantic overturning inferred from air-sea heat fluxes indicates no decline since the 1960s J. Terhaar et al.
- Bifurcation behavior of the coupled SPG-AMOC system J. Thies & H. Dijkstra
- Storm surge changes around the UK under a weakened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation T. Howard et al.
- Mutual stabilization of AMOC and GrIS due to different transient response to warming F. Pöppelmeier & T. Stocker
- The Probability of an AMOC Collapse Onset in the Twenty-First Century H. Dijkstra & R. van Westen
- Climate tipping points and their potential impact on drinking water supply planning and management in Europe P. van Thienen et al.
- Quantifying tipping behavior: Geometric early warnings and quasipotentials for a box model of AMOC R. Chapman et al.
- Changing European hydroclimate under a collapsed AMOC in the Community Earth System Model R. van Westen et al.
- Physics‐Based Indicators for the Onset of an AMOC Collapse Under Climate Change R. van Westen et al.
- Impacts of North American forest cover changes on the North Atlantic Ocean circulation V. Bauer et al.
- Continued Atlantic overturning circulation even under climate extremes J. Baker et al.
- Evaluating model uncertainty in critical threshold estimations from time series data: application to the Atlantic meridional Overturning Circulation A. Cotronei et al.
- AMOC stability amid tipping ice sheets: the crucial role of rate and noise S. Sinet et al.
- Contribution of meridional overturning circulation and sea ice changes to large-scale temperature asymmetries in CMIP6 overshoot scenarios P. Roldán-Gómez et al.
- Collapse and slow recovery of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) under abrupt greenhouse gas forcing P. Curtis & A. Fedorov
- Hemispheric contrast in summer season duration responses to CO2 removal B. Park et al.
- Shifts from surface density compensation to projected warming, freshening and stronger stratification in the subpolar North Atlantic R. Marsh et al.
- Multiple thermal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation thresholds in the intermediate complexity model Bern3D M. Adloff et al.
- Investigating ocean circulation dynamics through data assimilation: A mathematical study using the Stommel box model with rapid oscillatory forcings N. Smith et al.
- Weakening AMOC reduces ocean carbon uptake and increases the social cost of carbon F. Schaumann & E. Alastrué de Asenjo
- Ambiguity of early warning signals for climate tipping points M. Rietkerk et al.
- FjordRPM v1.0: a reduced-physics model for efficient simulation of glacial fjords D. Slater et al.
- Multi‐Stability of the Present‐Day Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation H. Dijkstra et al.
- Persistent climate model biases in the Atlantic Ocean's freshwater transport R. van Westen & H. Dijkstra
- Tipping points in ocean and atmosphere circulations S. Loriani et al.
- Connecting complex and simplified models of tipping elements: a nonlinear two-forcing emulator for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation A. Laridon et al.
- Quantifying risk of a noise-induced AMOC collapse from northern and tropical Atlantic Ocean variability R. Chapman et al.
- Diagnosing the causes of AMOC slowdown in a coupled model: a cautionary tale J. Gérard & M. Crucifix
- A novel framework for studying oceanic freshwater transports, and its application in discerning the modelled fate of freshwater around the coast of Greenland F. Goldsworth
- Simulating AMOC tipping driven by internal climate variability with a rare event algorithm M. Cini et al.
- Shutdown of northern Atlantic overturning after 2100 following deep mixing collapse in CMIP6 projections S. Drijfhout et al.
- Reflecting on the Science of Climate Tipping Points to Inform and Assist Policy Making and Address the Risks they Pose to Society T. Stocker et al.
- Nordic overturning increases as AMOC weakens in response to global warming S. Roewer et al.
- The impact of a weakened AMOC on European heatwaves V. Meccia et al.
- Monitoring the Multiple Stages of Climate Tipping Systems from Space: Do the GCOS Essential Climate Variables Meet the Needs? S. Loriani et al.
- Opportunities for Earth Observation to Inform Risk Management for Ocean Tipping Points R. Wood et al.
- Ocean response to a century of observation-based freshwater forcing around Greenland in EC-Earth3 M. Devilliers et al.
- Uncertainty quantification for overshoots of tipping thresholds K. Lux-Gottschalk & P. Ritchie
- Destabilization of Earth system tipping elements N. Boers et al.
- Connecting complex and simplified models of tipping elements: a nonlinear two-forcing emulator for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation A. Laridon et al.
- Abrupt Gulf Stream path changes are a precursor to a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation R. van Westen & H. Dijkstra
- Atmospheric and oceanic energy transport during North Atlantic freshening events: influences of moisture transport and hydrologic cycle feedbacks S. Baek et al.
- Physics of AMOC multistable regime shifts due to freshwater biases in an EMIC A. Boot & H. Dijkstra
- Seasonal and interannual variability in freshwater sources for Greenland's fjords A. Vries et al.
- Modeling the Late Pliocene with AWI-CM3 as a contribution to PlioMIP3 core experiments F. Matos et al.
60 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Revisiting climate impacts of an AMOC slowdown: dependence on freshwater locations in the North Atlantic Q. Ma et al.
- Freshwater input from glacier melt outside Greenland alters modeled northern high-latitude ocean circulation J. Malles et al.
- Extreme cold events in Europe under a reduced AMOC V. Meccia et al.
- A saddle-node bifurcation may be causing the AMOC collapse in the Community Earth System Model R. van Westen et al.
- A potential collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation may stabilise eastern Amazonian rainforests D. Nian et al.
- Controlling factors for the global meridional overturning circulation: A lesson from the Paleozoic S. Yuan et al.
- The interaction of solar radiation modification with Earth system tipping elements G. Futerman et al.
- Sea level variability and modeling in the Gulf of Guinea using supervised machine learning A. Ayinde et al.
- Unraveling the Complexity of Global Climate Dynamics: Interactions among El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and Tropical Basins Across Different Timescales A. Hu et al.
- Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet N. Bochow et al.
- Meltwater from West Antarctic ice sheet tipping affects AMOC resilience S. Sinet et al.
- AMOC and North Atlantic Ocean Decadal Variability: A Review D. Seidov et al.
- Response of atmospheric pCO$$_2$$ to a strong AMOC weakening under low and high emission scenarios A. Boot et al.
- Atmospheric Δ14C in the northern and southern hemispheres over the past two millennia: Role of production rate, southern hemisphere westerly winds and ocean circulation changes H. Goosse et al.
- Noise-shaped hysteresis cycles of the AMOC under increasing CO2 forcing M. Cini et al.
- Atlantic overturning inferred from air-sea heat fluxes indicates no decline since the 1960s J. Terhaar et al.
- Bifurcation behavior of the coupled SPG-AMOC system J. Thies & H. Dijkstra
- Storm surge changes around the UK under a weakened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation T. Howard et al.
- Mutual stabilization of AMOC and GrIS due to different transient response to warming F. Pöppelmeier & T. Stocker
- The Probability of an AMOC Collapse Onset in the Twenty-First Century H. Dijkstra & R. van Westen
- Climate tipping points and their potential impact on drinking water supply planning and management in Europe P. van Thienen et al.
- Quantifying tipping behavior: Geometric early warnings and quasipotentials for a box model of AMOC R. Chapman et al.
- Changing European hydroclimate under a collapsed AMOC in the Community Earth System Model R. van Westen et al.
- Physics‐Based Indicators for the Onset of an AMOC Collapse Under Climate Change R. van Westen et al.
- Impacts of North American forest cover changes on the North Atlantic Ocean circulation V. Bauer et al.
- Continued Atlantic overturning circulation even under climate extremes J. Baker et al.
- Evaluating model uncertainty in critical threshold estimations from time series data: application to the Atlantic meridional Overturning Circulation A. Cotronei et al.
- AMOC stability amid tipping ice sheets: the crucial role of rate and noise S. Sinet et al.
- Contribution of meridional overturning circulation and sea ice changes to large-scale temperature asymmetries in CMIP6 overshoot scenarios P. Roldán-Gómez et al.
- Collapse and slow recovery of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) under abrupt greenhouse gas forcing P. Curtis & A. Fedorov
- Hemispheric contrast in summer season duration responses to CO2 removal B. Park et al.
- Shifts from surface density compensation to projected warming, freshening and stronger stratification in the subpolar North Atlantic R. Marsh et al.
- Multiple thermal Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation thresholds in the intermediate complexity model Bern3D M. Adloff et al.
- Investigating ocean circulation dynamics through data assimilation: A mathematical study using the Stommel box model with rapid oscillatory forcings N. Smith et al.
- Weakening AMOC reduces ocean carbon uptake and increases the social cost of carbon F. Schaumann & E. Alastrué de Asenjo
- Ambiguity of early warning signals for climate tipping points M. Rietkerk et al.
- FjordRPM v1.0: a reduced-physics model for efficient simulation of glacial fjords D. Slater et al.
- Multi‐Stability of the Present‐Day Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation H. Dijkstra et al.
- Persistent climate model biases in the Atlantic Ocean's freshwater transport R. van Westen & H. Dijkstra
- Tipping points in ocean and atmosphere circulations S. Loriani et al.
- Connecting complex and simplified models of tipping elements: a nonlinear two-forcing emulator for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation A. Laridon et al.
- Quantifying risk of a noise-induced AMOC collapse from northern and tropical Atlantic Ocean variability R. Chapman et al.
- Diagnosing the causes of AMOC slowdown in a coupled model: a cautionary tale J. Gérard & M. Crucifix
- A novel framework for studying oceanic freshwater transports, and its application in discerning the modelled fate of freshwater around the coast of Greenland F. Goldsworth
- Simulating AMOC tipping driven by internal climate variability with a rare event algorithm M. Cini et al.
- Shutdown of northern Atlantic overturning after 2100 following deep mixing collapse in CMIP6 projections S. Drijfhout et al.
- Reflecting on the Science of Climate Tipping Points to Inform and Assist Policy Making and Address the Risks they Pose to Society T. Stocker et al.
- Nordic overturning increases as AMOC weakens in response to global warming S. Roewer et al.
- The impact of a weakened AMOC on European heatwaves V. Meccia et al.
- Monitoring the Multiple Stages of Climate Tipping Systems from Space: Do the GCOS Essential Climate Variables Meet the Needs? S. Loriani et al.
- Opportunities for Earth Observation to Inform Risk Management for Ocean Tipping Points R. Wood et al.
- Ocean response to a century of observation-based freshwater forcing around Greenland in EC-Earth3 M. Devilliers et al.
- Uncertainty quantification for overshoots of tipping thresholds K. Lux-Gottschalk & P. Ritchie
- Destabilization of Earth system tipping elements N. Boers et al.
- Connecting complex and simplified models of tipping elements: a nonlinear two-forcing emulator for the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation A. Laridon et al.
- Abrupt Gulf Stream path changes are a precursor to a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation R. van Westen & H. Dijkstra
- Atmospheric and oceanic energy transport during North Atlantic freshening events: influences of moisture transport and hydrologic cycle feedbacks S. Baek et al.
- Physics of AMOC multistable regime shifts due to freshwater biases in an EMIC A. Boot & H. Dijkstra
- Seasonal and interannual variability in freshwater sources for Greenland's fjords A. Vries et al.
- Modeling the Late Pliocene with AWI-CM3 as a contribution to PlioMIP3 core experiments F. Matos et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 06 May 2026
Short summary
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has an important impact on the climate. There are theories that freshening of the ocean might cause the AMOC to cross a tipping point (TP) beyond which recovery is difficult; however, it is unclear whether TPs exist in global climate models. Here, we outline a set of experiments designed to explore AMOC tipping points and sensitivity to additional freshwater input as part of the North Atlantic Hosing Model Intercomparison Project (NAHosMIP).
The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has an important impact on the climate....