Beletsky, D., Saylor, J. H., and Schwab, D. J.: Mean circulation in the
Great Lakes, J. Great Lakes Res., 25, 78–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70718-5, 1999.
Beletsky, D., Hawley, N., and Rao, Y. R.: Modeling summer circulation and
thermal structure of Lake Erie, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118,
6238–6252, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC008854, 2013.
Bennett, J. R.: On the dynamics of wind-driven lake currents, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 4, 400–414, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1974)004<0400:OTDOWD>2.0.CO;2, 1974.
Bennington, V., McKinley, G. A., Kimura, N., and Wu, C. H.: General
circulation of Lake Superior: Mean, variability, and trends from 1979 to
2006, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C12015,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006261, 2010.
Birchfield, G. E.: Horizontal transport in a rotating basin of parabolic
depth profile, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 6155–6163, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ072i024p06155, 1967.
Chang, Y. L. and Oey, L. Y.: Analysis of STCC eddies using the Okubo–Weiss
parameter on model and satellite data, Ocean Dynam., 64, 259–271,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-013-0680-7, 2014.
Cimatoribus, A. A., Lemmin, U., Bouffard, D., and Barry, D. A.: Nonlinear
dynamics of the nearshore boundary layer of a large lake (Lake Geneva), J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 1016–1031, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013531, 2018.
Cimatoribus, A. A., Lemmin, U., and Barry, D. A.: Tracking Lagrangian
transport in Lake Geneva: A 3D numerical modeling investigation, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 64, 1252–1269, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11111,
2019.
CIPEL: Rapports sur les études et recherches entreprises dans le bassin
lémanique, Campagne 2018, Commission internationale pour la protection
des eaux du Léman (CIPEL), Nyon, Switzerland,
https://www.cipel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/RapportScientifique_camp_2016_VF.pdf (last access: 28 October 2022), 2019.
Corman, J. R., McIntyre, P. B., Kuboja, B., Mbemba, W., Fink, D., Wheeler,
C. W., Gans, C., Michel, E., and Flecker, A. S.: Upwelling couples chemical
and biological dynamics across the littoral and pelagic zones of Lake
Tanganyika, East Africa, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 214–224, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.1.0214, 2010.
Cotte, G. and Vennemann, T. W.: Mixing of Rhône River water in Lake
Geneva: Seasonal tracing using stable isotope composition of water, J. Great
Lakes Res., 46, 839–849,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.05.015, 2020.
Csanady, G. T.: Wind-induced barotropic motions in long lakes, J. Phys.
Oceanogr., 3, 429–438,
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1973)003<0429:WIBMIL>2.0.CO;2, 1973.
Csanady, G. T.: Hydrodynamics of large lakes, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 7,
357–386, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.07.010175.002041,
1975.
DiGiacomo, P. M. and Holt, B.: Satellite observations of small coastal
ocean eddies in the Southern California Bight, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
106, 22521–22543, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000728,
2001.
Elhmaïdi, D., Provenzale, A., and Babiano, A.: Elementary topology of
two-dimensional turbulence from a Lagrangian viewpoint and single-particle
dispersion, J. Fluid Mech., 257, 533–558,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112093003192, 1993.
Gao, Y., Guan, C., Sun, J., and Xie, L.: A wind speed retrieval model for
Sentinel-1A EW mode cross-polarization images, Remote Sens., 11, 153,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020153, 2019.
Hamze-Ziabari, S. M., Razmi, A. M., Lemmin, U., and Barry, D. A.: Detecting
Submesoscale cold filaments in a basin-scale gyre in large, deep Lake Geneva
(Switzerland/France), Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096185,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096185, 2022a.
Hamze-Ziabari, S. M., Lemmin, U., Soulignac, F., Foroughan, M., and Barry, D. A.: Data for: Basin-scale gyres and mesoscale eddies in large lakes: A novel procedure for their detection and characterization, assessed in Lake Geneva, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7018567, 2022b.
Henson, S. A. and Thomas, A. C.: A census of oceanic anticyclonic eddies in
the Gulf of Alaska, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I., 55, 163–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.11.005, 2008.
Hogg, A. M. and Gayen, B.: Ocean gyres driven by surface buoyancy forcing,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL088539,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL088539, 2020.
Hui, Y., Farnham, D. J., Atkinson, J. F., Zhu, Z., and Feng, Y.: Circulation
in Lake Ontario: Numerical and physical model analysis, J. Hydraul. Eng.,
147, 05021004,
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001908, 2021.
Ishikawa, K., Kumagai, M., Vincent, W. F., Tsujimura, S., and Nakahara, H.:
Transport and accumulation of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in a large,
mid-latitude lake: The gyre-Microcystis hypothesis, Limnology, 3, 87–96,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s102010200010, 2002.
Isern-Fontanet, J., Font, J., García-Ladona, E., Emelianov, M., Millot,
C., and Taupier-Letage, I.: Spatial structure of anticyclonic eddies in the
Algerian basin (Mediterranean Sea) analyzed using the Okubo–Weiss
parameter, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 51, 3009–3028,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.09.013, 2004.
Isern-Fontanet, J., García-Ladona, E., and Font, J.: Vortices of the
Mediterranean Sea: An altimetric perspective, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 36,
87–103, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO2826.1, 2006.
Ji, Z. G. and Jin, K. R.: Gyres and seiches in a large and shallow lake, J.
Great Lakes Res., 32, 764–775,
https://doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2006)32[764:GASIAL]2.0.CO;2, 2006.
Johannessen, J. A., Shuchman, R. A., Digranes, G., Lyzenga, D. R.,
Wackerman, C., Johannessen, O. M., and Vachon, P. W.: Coastal ocean fronts
and eddies imaged with ERS 1 synthetic aperture radar, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 101, 6651–6667, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC02962,
1996.
Johannessen, J. A., Kudryavtsev, V., Akimov, D., Eldevik, T., Winther, N.,
and Chapron, B.: On radar imaging of current features: 2. Mesoscale eddy and
current front detection, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, C07017,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002802, 2005.
Karimova, S.: Spiral eddies in the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas as seen by
satellite radar data, Adv. Space Res., 50, 1107–1124,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2011.10.027, 2012.
Laval, B., Imberger, J., Hodges, B. R., and Stocker, R.: Modeling circulation
in lakes: Spatial and temporal variations, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Methods, 48,
983–994, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.0983, 2003.
Laval, B. E., Imberger, J., and Findikakis, A. N.: Dynamics of a large
tropical lake: Lake Maracaibo, Aquat. Sci., 67, 337–349, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-005-0778-1, 2005.
Le Thi, A. D., De Pascalis, F., Umgiesser, G., and Wildi, W.: Structure
thermique et courantologie du Léman (Thermal structure and circulation
patterns of Lake Geneva), Arch. Sci., 65, 65–80,
https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:27717 (last access: 29 October 2022), 2012.
Lemmin, U. (Ed.): Mouvements des masses d'eau (Water mass movement), in: Dans les abysses du Léman (Descent into the abyss of Lake
Geneva), Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes (PPUR), Lausanne,
Switzerland, ISBN 978-2-88915-105-9, 2016.
Lemmin, U.: Insights into the dynamics of the deep hypolimnion of Lake
Geneva as revealed by long-term temperature, oxygen, and current
measurements, Limnol. Oceanogr., 65, 2092–2107,
https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11441, 2020.
Lemmin, U. and D'Adamo, N.: Summertime winds and direct cyclonic
circulation: Observations from Lake Geneva, Ann. Geophys, 14, 1207–1220,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-1207-z, 1996.
Lemmin, U., Mortimer, C. H., and Bäuerle, E.: Internal seiche dynamics
in Lake Geneva, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 207–216,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.1.0207, 2005.
Lin, S., Boegman, L., Shan, S., and Mulligan, R.: An automatic lake-model application using near-real-time data forcing: development of an operational forecast workflow (COASTLINES) for Lake Erie, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1331–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1331-2022, 2022.
Liu, F., Zhou, H., and Wen, B.: DEDNet: Offshore eddy detection and location
with HF radar by deep learning, Sensors, 21, 126,
https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010126, 2021.
McKinney, P., Holt, B., and Matsumoto, K.: Small eddies observed in Lake
Superior using SAR and sea surface temperature imagery, J. Great Lakes Res.,
38, 786–797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2012.09.023,
2012.
McWilliams, J. C.: The emergence of isolated coherent vortices in turbulent
flow, J. Fluid Mech., 146, 21–43, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112084001750, 1984.
Mahadevan, A.: The impact of submesoscale physics on primary productivity of
plankton, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 8, 161–184, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015912, 2016.
Mao, M. and Xia, M.: Monthly and episodic dynamics of summer circulation in
Lake Michigan, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015932,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015932, 2020.
Marmorino, G. O., Holt, B., Molemaker, M. J., DiGiacomo, P. M., and Sletten,
M. A.: Airborne synthetic aperture radar observations of “spiral eddy”
slick patterns in the Southern California Bight, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
115, C05010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005863, 2010.
Marshall, J., Adcroft, A., Hill, C., Perelman, L., and Heisey, C.: A
finite-volume, incompressible Navier Stokes model for studies of the ocean
on parallel computers, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 5753–5766,
https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC02775, 1997.
Nakayama, K., Shintani, T., Shimizu, K., Okada, T., Hinata, H., and Komai,
K.: Horizontal and residual circulations driven by wind stress curl in Tokyo
Bay, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 119, 1977–1992,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC009396, 2014.
Nõges, T. and Kangro, K.: Primary production of phytoplankton in a
strongly stratified temperate lake, Hydrobiologia, 547, 105–122,
https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4363-5_10, 2005.
Okubo, A.: Horizontal dispersion of floatable particles in the vicinity of
velocity singularities such as convergences, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 17, 445–454,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(70)90059-8, 1970.
Ostrovsky, I. and Sukenik, A.: Spatial heterogeneity of biogeochemical
parameters in a subtropical lake, in: Monitoring and Modelling Lakes and
Coastal Environments, Springer, Dordrecht, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6646-7_6, 2008.
Pasquero, C., Provenzale, A., and Babiano, A.: Parameterization of
dispersion in two-dimensional turbulence, J. Fluid Mech., 439, 279–303,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112001004499, 2001.
Perroud, M., Goyette, S., Martynov, A., Beniston, M., and Anneville, O.:
Simulation of multiannual thermal profiles in deep Lake Geneva: A comparison
of one-dimensional lake models, Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 1574–1594,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.5.1574, 2009.
Pickett, R. L. and Rao, D. B.: One-and two-gyre circulations in homogeneous
lakes. International Field Year for the Great Lakes Bulletin 19, 45–49, U.S.
Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Rockville, Maryland.
https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=AtZ918jAK10C&hl=enGB&pg=GBS.PA45 (last access: 29 October 2022), 1977.
Qazi, W. A., Emery, W. J., and Fox-Kemper, B.: Computing ocean surface
currents over the coastal California current system using 30-min-lag
sequential SAR images, IEEE T. Geosci. Elect., 52,
7559–7580, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2014.2314117, 2014.
Rahaghi, A. I., Lemmin, U., Cimatoribus, A., Bouffard, D., Riffler, M.,
Wunderle, S., and Barry, D. A.: Improving surface heat flux estimation for a
large lake through model optimization and two-point calibration: The case of
Lake Geneva, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Methods, 16, 576–593, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10267, 2018.
Rahaghi, A. I., Lemmin, U., Cimatoribus, A. A., and Barry, D. A.: The
importance of systematic spatial variability in the surface heat flux of a
large lake: A multiannual analysis for Lake Geneva, Water Resour. Res.,
55, 10248–10267, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024954,
2019.
Ralph, E. A.: Scales and structures of large lake eddies, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 29, 30-1–30-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014654,
2002.
Rao, D. B. and Murty, T. S.: Calculation of the steady state wind-driven
circulations in Lake Ontario, Arch. Meteor. Geophy. A,
19, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02249005, 1970.
Razmi, A. M., Barry, D. A., Bakhtyar, R., Le Dantec, N., Dastgheib, A.,
Lemmin, U., and Wüest, A.: Current variability in a wide and open
lacustrine embayment in Lake Geneva (Switzerland), J. Great Lakes Res.,
39, 455–465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2013.06.011,
2013.
Razmi, A. M., Lemmin, U., Bouffard, D., Wüest, A., Uittenbogaard, R. E.,
and Barry, D. A.: Gyre formation in open and deep lacustrine embayments: The
example of Lake Geneva, Switzerland, Environ. Fluid Mech., 17, 415–428,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-016-9494-8, 2017.
Reiss, R. S., Lemmin, U., Cimatoribus, A. A., and Barry, D. A.: Wintertime
coastal upwelling in Lake Geneva: An efficient transport process for
deepwater renewal in a large, deep lake, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125,
e2020JC016095, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016095, 2020.
Rueda, F. J., Schladow, S. G., Monismith, S. G., and Stacey, M. T.: On the
effects of topography on wind and the generation of currents in a large
multi-basin lake, Hydrobiologia, 532, 139–151, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-9522-4, 2005.
Schwab, D. J. and Beletsky, D.: Relative effects of wind stress curl,
topography, and stratification on large-scale circulation in Lake Michigan,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3044,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JC001066, 2003.
Shilo, E., Ashkenazy, Y., Rimmer, A., Assouline, S., Katsafados, P., and
Mahrer, Y.: Effect of wind variability on topographic waves: Lake Kinneret
case, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C12024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004336, 2007.
Shimizu, K., Imberger, J., and Kumagai, M.: Horizontal structure and
excitation of primary motions in a strongly stratified lake, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 52, 2641–2655, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.6.2641, 2007.
Simons, T. J.: Circulation models of lakes and inland seas, Can. B. Fish.
Aquat. Sci., 203, 146, 1980.
Souza, J. M. A. C., de Boyer Montégut, C., and Le Traon, P. Y.: Comparison between three implementations of automatic identification algorithms for the quantification and characterization of mesoscale eddies in the South Atlantic Ocean, Ocean Sci., 7, 317–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-7-317-2011, 2011.
Steissberg, T. E., Hook, S. J., and Schladow, S. G.: Measuring surface
currents in lakes with high spatial resolution thermal infrared imagery,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L11402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022912, 2005.
Umlauf, L. and Lemmin, U.: Interbasin exchange and mixing in the
hypolimnion of a large lake: The role of long internal waves, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 50, 1601–1611,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.5.1601, 2005.
Vallis, G. K. (2nd Ed.): Atmospheric and oceanic fluid dynamics:
Fundamentals and large-scale circulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107588417, 2017.
Voudouri, A., Avgoustoglou, E., and Kaufmann, P.: Impacts of observational
data assimilation on operational forecasts, Perspectives on atmospheric
sciences, 143–149, Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35095-0_21, 2017.
Verburg, P., Antenucci, J. P., and Hecky, R. E.: Differential cooling drives
large-scale convective circulation in Lake Tanganyika, Limnol. Oceanogr.,
56, 910–926, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.3.0910,
2011.
Wang, B. and An, S. I.: A method for detecting season-dependent modes of
climate variability: S-EOF analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L15710,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022709, 2005.
Wang, C., Tandeo, P., Mouche, A., Stopa, J. E., Gressani, V., Longepe, N.,
Vandemark, D., Foster, R. C., and Chapron, B.: Classification of the global
Sentinel-1 SAR vignettes for ocean surface process studies, Remote Sens.
Environ., 234, 111457,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111457, 2019.
Wanner, H. and Furger, M.: The Bise–Climatology of a regional wind north
of the Alps, Physics Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 43, 105–115,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01028113, 1990.
Weiss, J.: The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in two-dimensional
hydrodynamics, Phys. D, 48, 273–294,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(91)90088-Q, 1991.
Wu, T., Qin, B., Huang, A., Sheng, Y., Feng, S., and Casenave, C.: Reconsideration of wind stress, wind waves, and turbulence in simulating wind-driven currents of shallow lakes in the Wave and Current Coupled Model (WCCM) version 1.0, Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 745–769, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-745-2022, 2022.
Xiu, P., Chai, F., Shi, L., Xue, H., and Chao, Y.: A census of eddy
activities in the South China Sea during 1993–2007, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 115, C03012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005657,
2010.
Zhan, S., Beck, R. A., Hinkel, K. M., Liu, H., and Jones, B. M.:
Spatio-temporal analysis of gyres in oriented lakes on the Arctic Coastal
Plain of northern Alaska based on remotely sensed images, Remote Sens.,
6, 9170–9193, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6109170, 2014.
