Articles | Volume 15, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8221-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8221-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model experiment description paper
| 
16 Nov 2022
Model experiment description paper |
| 16 Nov 2022
| 16 Nov 2022
Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with stratospheric aerosol injection (ARISE-SAI): protocol and initial results from the first simulations
Jadwiga H. Richter
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Daniele Visioni
Sibley School for Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Douglas G. MacMartin
Sibley School for Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA
David A. Bailey
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Nan Rosenbloom
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Brian Dobbins
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Walker R. Lee
Sibley School for Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
Jean-Francois Lamarque
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for
Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
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- Low‐Altitude High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Is Feasible With Existing Aircraft A. Duffey et al. 10.1029/2024EF005567
- Particle number concentrations and size distributions in the stratosphere: implications of nucleation mechanisms and particle microphysics F. Yu et al. 10.5194/acp-23-1863-2023
- Under a not so white sky: visual impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection A. Lemon et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ada2ae
- Projected malaria transmission risk under climate intervention in South Asia A. Hussain et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/adbeb9
- Comparison of UKESM1 and CESM2 simulations using the same multi-target stratospheric aerosol injection strategy M. Henry et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13369-2023
- Effect of Regional Marine Cloud Brightening Interventions on Climate Tipping Elements H. Hirasawa et al. 10.1029/2023GL104314
- Speed of environmental change frames relative ecological risk in climate change and climate intervention scenarios D. Hueholt et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-47656-z
- Response of the Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone climatology to climate intervention with stratospheric aerosol injection M. Reboita et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad519e
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol injection: a regional case study S. Cohen et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1582747
- Climate response to stratospheric aerosol injection during the Harmattan season in West Africa F. Nkrumah et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/adaa0c
- Assessing the impact of stratospheric aerosol injection on precipitation extremes in Africa using the ARISE-SAI-1.5 dataset K. Quagraine et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/adee3c
- Simulated response of the climate of eastern Africa to stratospheric aerosol intervention H. Misiani et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1522235
- Assessing changes in atmospheric rivers under stratospheric aerosol injection using ARISE-SAI-1.5 K. Quagraine et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ade61a
- What Impact Does Net Zero Action on Road Transport and Building Heating Have on Exposure to UK Air Pollution? N. Assareh et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c05601
- Opinion: The scientific and community-building roles of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) – past, present, and future D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-5149-2023
- Solar Geoengineering in the Polar Regions: A Review A. Duffey et al. 10.1029/2023EF003679
- Injection strategy – a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering E. Bednarz et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13665-2023
- Accounting for transience in the baseline climate state changes the surface climate response attributed to stratospheric aerosol injection A. Duffey & P. Irvine 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f91
- G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
- Impacts of Solar Radiation Management on Hydro-Climatic Extremes in Southeast Asia M. Tan et al. 10.3390/w15061089
- How does the latitude of stratospheric aerosol injection affect the climate in UKESM1? M. Henry et al. 10.5194/acp-24-13253-2024
- Uncertainties and confidence in stratospheric aerosol injection modelling: a systematic literature review A. Määttänen et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgae007
- Assessing Outcomes in Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Scenarios Shortly After Deployment D. Hueholt et al. 10.1029/2023EF003488
- Dependence of strategic solar climate intervention on background scenario and model physics J. Fasullo & J. Richter 10.5194/acp-23-163-2023
- Comparing future projections of warm spells and their characteristics under climate change and stratospheric aerosol injection in CESM2 and UKESM1 I. Glade et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1581305
- Practical paths to risk-risk analysis of solar radiation modification T. Felgenhauer et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgaf012
- Spatiotemporal analysis of land surface temperature and wind dynamics during winter in Bangladesh H. Dastour et al. 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106498
- Optimal climate intervention scenarios for crop production vary by nation B. Clark et al. 10.1038/s43016-023-00853-3
- Projected changes to Arctic shipping routes after stratospheric aerosol deployment in the ARISE-SAI scenarios A. Morrison et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1426679
- South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone responses to stratospheric aerosol injection T. Chile Baldoni et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ada8cb
- Hemispherically symmetric strategies for stratospheric aerosol injection Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/esd-15-191-2024
- Potential impact of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering on projected temperature and precipitation extremes in South Africa T. Patel et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/acdaec
- Solar geoengineering and carbon removal significantly lower economic climate damages A. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.oneear.2023.09.004
- Using optimization tools to explore stratospheric aerosol injection strategies E. Brody et al. 10.5194/esd-16-1325-2025
- Impact of stratospheric aerosol injection on photovoltaic energy potential over Nigeria O. Ojo et al. 10.1007/s44273-024-00028-x
- Future seasonal surface temperature predictability with and without ARISE-stratospheric aerosol injection-1.5 K. Mayer et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9b43
- Performance assessment for climate intervention (PACI): preliminary application to a stratospheric aerosol injection scenario L. Wheeler et al. 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1205515
- Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention experiment for the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative S. Tilmes et al. 10.5194/acp-25-6001-2025
- The Impact of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on Extreme Fire Weather Risk D. Touma et al. 10.1029/2023EF003626
- Holocene utopias and dystopias: Views of the Holocene in the Anthropocene and their impact on defining the Anthropocene M. Conte & J. Bates 10.1177/20530196241245650
- Strategic logic of unilateral climate intervention C. Bell & P. Keys 10.1088/1748-9326/acf94b
- Kicking the can down the road: understanding the effects of delaying the deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection E. Brody et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad53f3
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-663-2023
- A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of marine cloud brightening climate intervention P. Rasch et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024
- World Climate Research Programme lighthouse activity: an assessment of major research gaps in solar radiation modification research J. Haywood et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1507479
- Climate Response of the Seven Homogeneous Monsoon Rainfall Regions of India Using the SOLAR Geoengineering Simulation Datasets A. Sagar & A. Chakraborty 10.1007/s41810-025-00341-0
- Identifying the regional emergence of climate patterns in the ARISE-SAI-1.5 simulations Z. Labe et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc81a
- Stratospheric transport and tropospheric sink of solar geoengineering aerosol: a Lagrangian analysis H. Sun et al. 10.1038/s41612-024-00664-8
- Emulating inconsistencies in stratospheric aerosol injection J. Farley et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad519c
- Design and simulation of a logistically constrained high-latitude, low-altitude stratospheric aerosol injection scenario in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) L. Wheeler et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adba01
- Impact of the Latitude of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on the Southern Annular Mode E. Bednarz et al. 10.1029/2022GL100353
- The plot must thicken: a call for increased attention to social surprises in scenarios of climate futures P. Keys 10.1088/1748-9326/ace4e0
- Comparison of UKESM1 and CESM2 simulations using the same multi-target stratospheric aerosol injection strategy M. Henry et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13369-2023
- Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with stratospheric aerosol injection (ARISE-SAI): protocol and initial results from the first simulations J. Richter et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-8221-2022
- Indices of extremes: geographic patterns of change in extremes and associated vegetation impacts under climate intervention M. Tye et al. 10.5194/esd-13-1233-2022
- High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection to Preserve the Arctic W. Lee et al. 10.1029/2022EF003052
- Potential for perceived failure of stratospheric aerosol injection deployment P. Keys et al. 10.1073/pnas.2210036119
- Assessing the Impact of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on US Convective Weather Environments I. Glade et al. 10.1029/2023EF004041
- Quantifying the Efficiency of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering at Different Altitudes W. Lee et al. 10.1029/2023GL104417
51 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence to Quantify “Climate Distinguishability” After Stratospheric Aerosol Injection A. Mamalakis et al. 10.1029/2023GL106137
- Low‐Altitude High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Is Feasible With Existing Aircraft A. Duffey et al. 10.1029/2024EF005567
- Particle number concentrations and size distributions in the stratosphere: implications of nucleation mechanisms and particle microphysics F. Yu et al. 10.5194/acp-23-1863-2023
- Under a not so white sky: visual impacts of stratospheric aerosol injection A. Lemon et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ada2ae
- Projected malaria transmission risk under climate intervention in South Asia A. Hussain et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/adbeb9
- Comparison of UKESM1 and CESM2 simulations using the same multi-target stratospheric aerosol injection strategy M. Henry et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13369-2023
- Effect of Regional Marine Cloud Brightening Interventions on Climate Tipping Elements H. Hirasawa et al. 10.1029/2023GL104314
- Speed of environmental change frames relative ecological risk in climate change and climate intervention scenarios D. Hueholt et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-47656-z
- Response of the Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone climatology to climate intervention with stratospheric aerosol injection M. Reboita et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad519e
- The impact of stratospheric aerosol injection: a regional case study S. Cohen et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1582747
- Climate response to stratospheric aerosol injection during the Harmattan season in West Africa F. Nkrumah et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/adaa0c
- Assessing the impact of stratospheric aerosol injection on precipitation extremes in Africa using the ARISE-SAI-1.5 dataset K. Quagraine et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/adee3c
- Simulated response of the climate of eastern Africa to stratospheric aerosol intervention H. Misiani et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1522235
- Assessing changes in atmospheric rivers under stratospheric aerosol injection using ARISE-SAI-1.5 K. Quagraine et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ade61a
- What Impact Does Net Zero Action on Road Transport and Building Heating Have on Exposure to UK Air Pollution? N. Assareh et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c05601
- Opinion: The scientific and community-building roles of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) – past, present, and future D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-5149-2023
- Solar Geoengineering in the Polar Regions: A Review A. Duffey et al. 10.1029/2023EF003679
- Injection strategy – a driver of atmospheric circulation and ozone response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering E. Bednarz et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13665-2023
- Accounting for transience in the baseline climate state changes the surface climate response attributed to stratospheric aerosol injection A. Duffey & P. Irvine 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9f91
- G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024
- Impacts of Solar Radiation Management on Hydro-Climatic Extremes in Southeast Asia M. Tan et al. 10.3390/w15061089
- How does the latitude of stratospheric aerosol injection affect the climate in UKESM1? M. Henry et al. 10.5194/acp-24-13253-2024
- Uncertainties and confidence in stratospheric aerosol injection modelling: a systematic literature review A. Määttänen et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgae007
- Assessing Outcomes in Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Scenarios Shortly After Deployment D. Hueholt et al. 10.1029/2023EF003488
- Dependence of strategic solar climate intervention on background scenario and model physics J. Fasullo & J. Richter 10.5194/acp-23-163-2023
- Comparing future projections of warm spells and their characteristics under climate change and stratospheric aerosol injection in CESM2 and UKESM1 I. Glade et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1581305
- Practical paths to risk-risk analysis of solar radiation modification T. Felgenhauer et al. 10.1093/oxfclm/kgaf012
- Spatiotemporal analysis of land surface temperature and wind dynamics during winter in Bangladesh H. Dastour et al. 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.106498
- Optimal climate intervention scenarios for crop production vary by nation B. Clark et al. 10.1038/s43016-023-00853-3
- Projected changes to Arctic shipping routes after stratospheric aerosol deployment in the ARISE-SAI scenarios A. Morrison et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1426679
- South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone responses to stratospheric aerosol injection T. Chile Baldoni et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ada8cb
- Hemispherically symmetric strategies for stratospheric aerosol injection Y. Zhang et al. 10.5194/esd-15-191-2024
- Potential impact of stratospheric aerosol geoengineering on projected temperature and precipitation extremes in South Africa T. Patel et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/acdaec
- Solar geoengineering and carbon removal significantly lower economic climate damages A. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.oneear.2023.09.004
- Using optimization tools to explore stratospheric aerosol injection strategies E. Brody et al. 10.5194/esd-16-1325-2025
- Impact of stratospheric aerosol injection on photovoltaic energy potential over Nigeria O. Ojo et al. 10.1007/s44273-024-00028-x
- Future seasonal surface temperature predictability with and without ARISE-stratospheric aerosol injection-1.5 K. Mayer et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad9b43
- Performance assessment for climate intervention (PACI): preliminary application to a stratospheric aerosol injection scenario L. Wheeler et al. 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1205515
- Stratospheric Aerosol Intervention experiment for the Chemistry–Climate Model Initiative S. Tilmes et al. 10.5194/acp-25-6001-2025
- The Impact of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on Extreme Fire Weather Risk D. Touma et al. 10.1029/2023EF003626
- Holocene utopias and dystopias: Views of the Holocene in the Anthropocene and their impact on defining the Anthropocene M. Conte & J. Bates 10.1177/20530196241245650
- Strategic logic of unilateral climate intervention C. Bell & P. Keys 10.1088/1748-9326/acf94b
- Kicking the can down the road: understanding the effects of delaying the deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection E. Brody et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad53f3
- Climate response to off-equatorial stratospheric sulfur injections in three Earth system models – Part 1: Experimental protocols and surface changes D. Visioni et al. 10.5194/acp-23-663-2023
- A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of marine cloud brightening climate intervention P. Rasch et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024
- World Climate Research Programme lighthouse activity: an assessment of major research gaps in solar radiation modification research J. Haywood et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1507479
- Climate Response of the Seven Homogeneous Monsoon Rainfall Regions of India Using the SOLAR Geoengineering Simulation Datasets A. Sagar & A. Chakraborty 10.1007/s41810-025-00341-0
- Identifying the regional emergence of climate patterns in the ARISE-SAI-1.5 simulations Z. Labe et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc81a
- Stratospheric transport and tropospheric sink of solar geoengineering aerosol: a Lagrangian analysis H. Sun et al. 10.1038/s41612-024-00664-8
- Emulating inconsistencies in stratospheric aerosol injection J. Farley et al. 10.1088/2752-5295/ad519c
- Design and simulation of a logistically constrained high-latitude, low-altitude stratospheric aerosol injection scenario in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) L. Wheeler et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adba01
9 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Impact of the Latitude of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on the Southern Annular Mode E. Bednarz et al. 10.1029/2022GL100353
- The plot must thicken: a call for increased attention to social surprises in scenarios of climate futures P. Keys 10.1088/1748-9326/ace4e0
- Comparison of UKESM1 and CESM2 simulations using the same multi-target stratospheric aerosol injection strategy M. Henry et al. 10.5194/acp-23-13369-2023
- Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with stratospheric aerosol injection (ARISE-SAI): protocol and initial results from the first simulations J. Richter et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-8221-2022
- Indices of extremes: geographic patterns of change in extremes and associated vegetation impacts under climate intervention M. Tye et al. 10.5194/esd-13-1233-2022
- High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection to Preserve the Arctic W. Lee et al. 10.1029/2022EF003052
- Potential for perceived failure of stratospheric aerosol injection deployment P. Keys et al. 10.1073/pnas.2210036119
- Assessing the Impact of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on US Convective Weather Environments I. Glade et al. 10.1029/2023EF004041
- Quantifying the Efficiency of Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering at Different Altitudes W. Lee et al. 10.1029/2023GL104417
Latest update: 28 Aug 2025
Short summary
Solar climate intervention using stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of reducing global mean temperatures to reduce the worst consequences of climate change. We present a new modeling protocol aimed at simulating a plausible deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection and reproducibility of simulations using other Earth system models: Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar climate intervention on the Earth system with stratospheric aerosol injection (ARISE-SAI).
Solar climate intervention using stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of...
