Articles | Volume 13, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-99-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-99-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model description paper
| 
10 Jan 2020
Model description paper |
| 10 Jan 2020
| 10 Jan 2020
Version 1 of a sea ice module for the physics-based, detailed, multi-layer SNOWPACK model
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
CRYOS, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
Leonard Rossmann
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Nina Maaß
University of Hamburg, Institute of Oceanography, CEN, Germany
Katherine C. Leonard
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
CRYOS, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
Lars Kaleschke
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Marcel Nicolaus
Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
Michael Lehning
CRYOS, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
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Cited
24 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Quantification of capillary rise dynamics in snow using neutron radiography M. Lombardo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4437-2025
- A novel numerical implementation for the surface energy budget of melting snowpacks and glaciers K. Fourteau et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1903-2024
- From snow accumulation to snow depth distributions by quantifying meteoric ice fractions in the Weddell Sea S. Arndt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2001-2024
- Spatially distributed simulations of the effect of snow on mass balance and flooding of Antarctic sea ice N. Wever et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.54
- Inversion of Shear and Longitudinal Acoustic Wave Propagation Parameters in Sea Ice Using SE-ResNet J. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185663
- Snowfall and snow accumulation during the MOSAiC winter and spring seasons D. Wagner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2373-2022
- Convection of water vapour in snowpacks M. Jafari et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.1146
- Introducing CRYOWRF v1.0: multiscale atmospheric flow simulations with advanced snow cover modelling V. Sharma et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-719-2023
- Implementation of an intermediate-complexity snow-physics scheme (ISBA-Explicit Snow) into a sea ice model (SI3): 1D thermodynamic coupling and validation T. Brivoal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6885-2025
- Predicting snow structures relevant to reindeer husbandry E. Perkins et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2024.2398278
- Modeling the small-scale deposition of snow onto structured Arctic sea ice during a MOSAiC storm using snowBedFoam 1.0. O. Hames et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6429-2022
- Impacts of a layered snow density evolution scheme on Arctic snow and sea ice simulation in the CICE sea ice model H. Yin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102640
- The Impact of Diffusive Water Vapor Transport on Snow Profiles in Deep and Shallow Snow Covers and on Sea Ice M. Jafari et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00249
- An Assessment of the Antarctic Sea Ice Mass Budget Simulation in CMIP6 Historical Experiment S. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.649743
- Quantifying the influence of snow over sea ice morphology on L-band passive microwave satellite observations in the Southern Ocean L. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4399-2024
- A wind-driven snow redistribution module for Alpine3D v3.3.0: adaptations designed for downscaling ice sheet surface mass balance E. Keenan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3203-2023
- Dye tracing of upward brine migration in snow R. Mallett et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2024.27
- Capillary suction across the soil–snow interface as a mechanism for the formation of wet basal layers under gliding snowpacks M. Lombardo et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.2
- Spatial and temporal variability in snow density across the Northern Hemisphere W. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107445
- Glacier Snowline Altitude Estimation Integrating a Stacking Machine Learning Model and U-Net: A Case Study in the Antarctic Peninsula Y. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2026.3679669
- Bridging the gaps: Unraveling the impact of snow properties on brine wicking and runoff A. Komarov et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.3
- Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice M. Nicolaus et al. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046
- Sea ice concentration satellite retrievals influenced by surface changes due to warm air intrusions: A case study from the MOSAiC expedition J. Rückert et al. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00039
- Snow Depth and Air Temperature Seasonality on Sea Ice Derived From Snow Buoy Measurements M. Nicolaus et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.655446
24 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Quantification of capillary rise dynamics in snow using neutron radiography M. Lombardo et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-4437-2025
- A novel numerical implementation for the surface energy budget of melting snowpacks and glaciers K. Fourteau et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-1903-2024
- From snow accumulation to snow depth distributions by quantifying meteoric ice fractions in the Weddell Sea S. Arndt et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2001-2024
- Spatially distributed simulations of the effect of snow on mass balance and flooding of Antarctic sea ice N. Wever et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2021.54
- Inversion of Shear and Longitudinal Acoustic Wave Propagation Parameters in Sea Ice Using SE-ResNet J. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185663
- Snowfall and snow accumulation during the MOSAiC winter and spring seasons D. Wagner et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2373-2022
- Convection of water vapour in snowpacks M. Jafari et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2021.1146
- Introducing CRYOWRF v1.0: multiscale atmospheric flow simulations with advanced snow cover modelling V. Sharma et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-719-2023
- Implementation of an intermediate-complexity snow-physics scheme (ISBA-Explicit Snow) into a sea ice model (SI3): 1D thermodynamic coupling and validation T. Brivoal et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-6885-2025
- Predicting snow structures relevant to reindeer husbandry E. Perkins et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2024.2398278
- Modeling the small-scale deposition of snow onto structured Arctic sea ice during a MOSAiC storm using snowBedFoam 1.0. O. Hames et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-6429-2022
- Impacts of a layered snow density evolution scheme on Arctic snow and sea ice simulation in the CICE sea ice model H. Yin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102640
- The Impact of Diffusive Water Vapor Transport on Snow Profiles in Deep and Shallow Snow Covers and on Sea Ice M. Jafari et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00249
- An Assessment of the Antarctic Sea Ice Mass Budget Simulation in CMIP6 Historical Experiment S. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.649743
- Quantifying the influence of snow over sea ice morphology on L-band passive microwave satellite observations in the Southern Ocean L. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4399-2024
- A wind-driven snow redistribution module for Alpine3D v3.3.0: adaptations designed for downscaling ice sheet surface mass balance E. Keenan et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-3203-2023
- Dye tracing of upward brine migration in snow R. Mallett et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2024.27
- Capillary suction across the soil–snow interface as a mechanism for the formation of wet basal layers under gliding snowpacks M. Lombardo et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.2
- Spatial and temporal variability in snow density across the Northern Hemisphere W. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2023.107445
- Glacier Snowline Altitude Estimation Integrating a Stacking Machine Learning Model and U-Net: A Case Study in the Antarctic Peninsula Y. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2026.3679669
- Bridging the gaps: Unraveling the impact of snow properties on brine wicking and runoff A. Komarov et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2025.3
- Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice M. Nicolaus et al. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.000046
- Sea ice concentration satellite retrievals influenced by surface changes due to warm air intrusions: A case study from the MOSAiC expedition J. Rückert et al. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00039
- Snow Depth and Air Temperature Seasonality on Sea Ice Derived From Snow Buoy Measurements M. Nicolaus et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.655446
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 22 Aug 2026
Short summary
Sea ice is an important component of the global climate system. The presence of a snow layer covering sea ice can impact ice mass and energy budgets. The detailed, physics-based, multi-layer snow model SNOWPACK was modified to simulate the snow–sea-ice system, providing simulations of the snow microstructure, water percolation and flooding, and superimposed ice formation. The model is applied to in situ measurements from snow and ice mass-balance buoys installed in the Antarctic Weddell Sea.
Sea ice is an important component of the global climate system. The presence of a snow layer...
