Articles | Volume 12, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-387-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-387-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Description and evaluation of the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) v2.1
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Stephen F. Price
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
Matthew J. Hoffman
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
Gunter R. Leguy
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Andrew R. Bennett
Computational Earth Sciences Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Sarah L. Bradley
Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2600 AA, the Netherlands
Katherine J. Evans
Computational Earth Sciences Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Jeremy G. Fyke
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
Associated Engineering Group, Ltd., Vernon, BC V1T 9P9, Canada
Joseph H. Kennedy
Computational Earth Sciences Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
Mauro Perego
Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Douglas M. Ranken
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
William J. Sacks
Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Andrew G. Salinger
Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
Lauren J. Vargo
Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
Patrick H. Worley
Computational Earth Sciences Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
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105 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Role of elevation feedbacks and ice sheet–climate interactions on future Greenland ice sheet melt T. Feenstra et al.
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- Accelerated Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss Under High Greenhouse Gas Forcing as Simulated by the Coupled CESM2.1‐CISM2.1 L. Muntjewerf et al.
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- initMIP-Antarctica: an ice sheet model initialization experiment of ISMIP6 H. Seroussi et al.
- Subseasonal Earth System Prediction with CESM2 J. Richter et al.
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- Changes in 1958–2019 Greenland surface mass balance are attributable to both greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols Y. Kuo et al.
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105 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Strong impact of sub-shelf melt parameterisation on ice-sheet retreat in idealised and realistic Antarctic topography C. Berends et al.
- Peak refreezing in the Greenland firn layer under future warming scenarios B. Noël et al.
- Role of elevation feedbacks and ice sheet–climate interactions on future Greenland ice sheet melt T. Feenstra et al.
- Deep learning speeds up ice flow modelling by several orders of magnitude G. Jouvet et al.
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- The importance of Canadian Arctic Archipelago gateways for glacial expansion in Scandinavia M. Lofverstrom et al.
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- Antarctic climate response in Last Interglacial simulations using the Community Earth System Model (CESM2) M. Berdahl et al.
- Accelerated Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss Under High Greenhouse Gas Forcing as Simulated by the Coupled CESM2.1‐CISM2.1 L. Muntjewerf et al.
- Sensitivity of winter Arctic amplification in NorESM2 L. Seland Graff et al.
- Ice viscosity governs hydraulic fracture that causes rapid drainage of supraglacial lakes T. Hageman et al.
- initMIP-Antarctica: an ice sheet model initialization experiment of ISMIP6 H. Seroussi et al.
- Subseasonal Earth System Prediction with CESM2 J. Richter et al.
- The effect of ice shelf rheology on shelf edge bending W. Buck
- Changes in 1958–2019 Greenland surface mass balance are attributable to both greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols Y. Kuo et al.
- A framework for three-dimensional dynamic modeling of mountain glaciers in the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM v2.2) S. Minallah et al.
- Stability of Ice Shelves and Ice Cliffs in a Changing Climate J. Bassis et al.
- FAMOUS version xotzt (FAMOUS-ice): a general circulation model (GCM) capable of energy- and water-conserving coupling to an ice sheet model R. Smith et al.
- Large-scale climate patterns offer preseasonal hints on the co-occurrence of heat wave and O 3 pollution in China M. Gao et al.
- Statistical emulation of a perturbed basal melt ensemble of an ice sheet model to better quantify Antarctic sea level rise uncertainties M. Berdahl et al.
- Historically consistent mass loss projections of the Greenland ice sheet C. Rahlves et al.
- Investigating the multi-millennial evolution and stability of the Greenland ice sheet using remapped surface mass balance forcing C. Rahlves et al.
- What can radar-based measures of subglacial hydrology tell us about basal shear stress? A case study at Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica R. Haris et al.
- Glacier preservation doubled by limiting warming to 1.5°C versus 2.7°C H. Zekollari et al.
- Downscaling CESM2 in CLM5 to Hindcast Preindustrial Equilibrium Line Altitudes for Tropical Mountain Glaciers N. Heavens
- Review of the current polar ice sheet surface mass balance and its modelling: the 2020 summer edition M. NIWANO et al.
- Initial atmospheric conditions control transport of volcanic volatiles, forcing and impacts Z. Zhuo et al.
- Exploring ice sheet model sensitivity to ocean thermal forcing and basal sliding using the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) M. Berdahl et al.
- Hysteresis of the Greenland ice sheet from the Last Glacial Maximum to the future L. Gutiérrez-González et al.
- Brief communication: CESM2 climate forcing (1950–2014) yields realistic Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance B. Noël et al.
- FastIsostasy v1.0 – a regional, accelerated 2D glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model accounting for the lateral variability of the solid Earth J. Swierczek-Jereczek et al.
- Mutual stabilization of AMOC and GrIS due to different transient response to warming F. Pöppelmeier & T. Stocker
- Retreat and Regrowth of the Greenland Ice Sheet During the Last Interglacial as Simulated by the CESM2‐CISM2 Coupled Climate–Ice Sheet Model A. Sommers et al.
- Combining “Deep Learning” and Physically Constrained Neural Networks to Derive Complex Glaciological Change Processes from Modern High-Resolution Satellite Imagery: Application of the GEOCLASS-Image System to Create VarioCNN for Glacier Surges U. Herzfeld et al.
- Higher Antarctic ice sheet accumulation and surface melt rates revealed at 2 km resolution B. Noël et al.
- Marine ice sheet experiments with the Community Ice Sheet Model G. Leguy et al.
- High‐Latitude Stratospheric Aerosol Injection to Preserve the Arctic W. Lee et al.
- Present-day mass loss rates are a precursor for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse T. van den Akker et al.
- Simulating the Laurentide Ice Sheet of the Last Glacial Maximum D. Moreno-Parada et al.
- Investigating the impact of sub-ice shelf melt on Antarctic ice sheet spin-up and projections F. Gao et al.
- The Relative Impacts of Initialization and Climate Forcing in Coupled Ice Sheet‐Ocean Modeling: Application to Pope, Smith, and Kohler Glaciers D. Goldberg & P. Holland
- A comparison between three-dimensional, transient, thermomechanically coupled first-order and Stokes ice flow models Z. Yan et al.
- Reduced aerosols and intensified summertime rainfall in India during the pandemic suggest potentially more amplified precipitation in the future F. Wang & M. Gao
- Description and Demonstration of the Coupled Community Earth System Model v2 – Community Ice Sheet Model v2 (CESM2‐CISM2) L. Muntjewerf et al.
- Evaluating different geothermal heat-flow maps as basal boundary conditions during spin-up of the Greenland ice sheet T. Zhang et al.
- MPAS-Albany Land Ice (MALI): a variable-resolution ice sheet model for Earth system modeling using Voronoi grids M. Hoffman et al.
- Antarctic sensitivity to oceanic melting parameterizations A. Juarez-Martinez et al.
- The effect of the present-day imbalance on schematic and climate forced simulations of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse T. van den Akker et al.
- Overview of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) and key climate response of CMIP6 DECK, historical, and scenario simulations Ø. Seland et al.
- Competing processes determine the long-term impact of basal friction parameterizations for Antarctic mass loss T. van den Akker et al.
- Limited global effect of climate-Greenland ice sheet coupling in NorESM2 under a high-emission scenario K. Haubner et al.
- Evaluation of native Earth system model output with ESMValTool v2.6.0 M. Schlund et al.
- The Utrecht Finite Volume Ice-Sheet Model: UFEMISM (version 1.0) C. Berends et al.
- A Generalized Interpolation Material Point Method for Shallow Ice Shelves. 1: Shallow Shelf Approximation and Ice Thickness Evolution A. Huth et al.
- A comparison of the stability and performance of depth-integrated ice-dynamics solvers A. Robinson et al.
- A stress-based poro-damage phase field model for hydrofracturing of creeping glaciers and ice shelves T. Clayton et al.
- Sensitivity of glacier elevation analysis and numerical modeling to CryoSat-2 SIRAL retracking techniques T. Trantow et al.
- Holocene thinning in central Greenland controlled by the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream I. Tabone et al.
- The future sea-level contribution of the Greenland ice sheet: a multi-model ensemble study of ISMIP6 H. Goelzer et al.
- A topographically controlled tipping point for complete Greenland ice sheet melt M. Petrini et al.
- Reaching 1.5 and 2.0 °C global surface temperature targets using stratospheric aerosol geoengineering S. Tilmes et al.
- Drivers of Change of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, Between 1995 and 2015 T. dos Santos et al.
- Greenland Ice Sheet Contribution to 21st Century Sea Level Rise as Simulated by the Coupled CESM2.1‐CISM2.1 L. Muntjewerf et al.
- The impact of spatially varying ice sheet basal conditions on sliding at glacial time scales E. Gowan et al.
- An Efficient Ice Sheet/Earth System Model Spin‐up Procedure for CESM2‐CISM2: Description, Evaluation, and Broader Applicability M. Lofverstrom et al.
- Projecting Antarctica's contribution to future sea level rise from basal ice shelf melt using linear response functions of 16 ice sheet models (LARMIP-2) A. Levermann et al.
- Compensating errors in inversions for subglacial bed roughness: same steady state, different dynamic response C. Berends et al.
- Lessons for multi-model ensemble design drawn from emulator experiments: application to a large ensemble for 2100 sea level contributions of the Greenland ice sheet J. Rohmer et al.
- Antarctic tipping points triggered by the mid-Pliocene warm climate J. Blasco et al.
- The Community Land Model Version 5: Description of New Features, Benchmarking, and Impact of Forcing Uncertainty D. Lawrence et al.
- Using variable-resolution grids to model precipitation from atmospheric rivers around the Greenland ice sheet A. Waling et al.
- Present‐Day Greenland Ice Sheet Climate and Surface Mass Balance in CESM2 L. van Kampenhout et al.
- Tropospheric ozone in CMIP6 simulations P. Griffiths et al.
- The glacial systems model (GSM) Version 25G L. Tarasov et al.
- The Utrecht Finite Volume Ice-Sheet Model (UFEMISM) version 2.0 – Part 1: Description and idealised experiments C. Berends et al.
- Phase-field fracture modelling of ice: From triaxial tests to ice-cliff collapse T. Hageman
- Timing and climatic-driven mechanisms of glacier advances in Bhutanese Himalaya during the Little Ice Age W. Yang et al.
- Regional grid refinement in an Earth system model: impacts on the simulated Greenland surface mass balance L. van Kampenhout et al.
- The Stochastic Ice-Sheet and Sea-Level System Model v1.0 (StISSM v1.0) V. Verjans et al.
- How does tropospheric VOC chemistry affect climate? An investigation of preindustrial control simulations using the Community Earth System Model version 2 N. Stanton & N. Tandon
- Improvements on the discretisation of boundary conditions to the momentum balance for glacial ice C. Berends et al.
- Description and validation of the ice-sheet model Nix v1.0 D. Moreno-Parada et al.
- North Atlantic Cooling is Slowing Down Mass Loss of Icelandic Glaciers B. Noël et al.
- Exploring the ability of the variable-resolution Community Earth System Model to simulate cryospheric–hydrological variables in High Mountain Asia R. Wijngaard et al.
- Sensitivity of ice loss to uncertainty in flow law parameters in an idealized one-dimensional geometry M. Zeitz et al.
- The Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) G. Danabasoglu et al.
- Surface mass balance and climate of the Last Glacial Maximum Northern Hemisphere ice sheets: simulations with CESM2.1 S. Bradley et al.
- Role of the Tibetan plateau glaciers in the Asian summer monsoon B. Goswami et al.
- ISMIP6 Antarctica: a multi-model ensemble of the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over the 21st century H. Seroussi et al.
- Coupling the U.K. Earth System Model to Dynamic Models of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets R. Smith et al.
- Limited surface impacts of the January 2021 sudden stratospheric warming N. Davis et al.
- E3SMv0‐HiLAT: A Modified Climate System Model Targeted for the Study of High‐Latitude Processes M. Hecht et al.
- Description and validation of the ice-sheet model Yelmo (version 1.0) A. Robinson et al.
- Influence of Arctic sea-ice loss on the Greenland ice sheet climate R. Sellevold et al.
- Extending the range and reach of physically-based Greenland ice sheet sea-level projections H. Goelzer et al.
- Impacts of leaf traits on vegetation optical properties in Earth system modeling Y. Wang et al.
- Interactive coupling of a Greenland ice sheet model in NorESM2 H. Goelzer et al.
- CO2 Increase Experiments Using the CESM: Relationship to Climate Sensitivity and Comparison of CESM1 to CESM2 J. Bacmeister et al.
- Enhancing the Representation of Glaciers and Ice Sheets in the ecLand Land-Surface Model: Impacts on Surface Energy Balance and Hydrology Across Scales G. Arduini et al.
- A novel transformation of the ice sheet Stokes equations and some of its properties and applications J. Dukowicz
- Benchmarking the vertically integrated ice-sheet model IMAU-ICE (version 2.0) C. Berends et al.
- ISMIP6-based projections of ocean-forced Antarctic Ice Sheet evolution using the Community Ice Sheet Model W. Lipscomb et al.
- AGILE v0.1: The Open Global Glacier Data Assimilation Framework P. Schmitt et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 29 Apr 2026
Short summary
This paper describes the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) version 2.1. CISM solves equations for ice flow, heat conduction, surface melting, and other processes such as basal sliding and iceberg calving. It can be used for ice-sheet-only simulations or as the ice sheet component of the Community Earth System Model. Model solutions have been verified for standard test problems. CISM can efficiently simulate the whole Greenland ice sheet, with results that are broadly consistent with observations.
This paper describes the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) version 2.1. CISM solves equations for...