Articles | Volume 12, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3609-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-3609-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Model evaluation paper
| 
21 Aug 2019
Model evaluation paper |
| 21 Aug 2019
| 21 Aug 2019
The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 – Part 2: Cloud evaluation, aerosol radiative forcing, and climate sensitivity
David Neubauer
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
Sylvaine Ferrachat
Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
Colombe Siegenthaler-Le Drian
Center for Climate System Modeling (C2SM), ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
Philip Stier
Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Daniel G. Partridge
College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University
of Exeter, Exeter, UK
Ina Tegen
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
Isabelle Bey
Center for Climate System Modeling (C2SM), ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
now at: MeteoSwiss, Geneva, Switzerland
Tanja Stanelle
Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
Harri Kokkola
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, Finland
Ulrike Lohmann
Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
Viewed
Total article views: 5,020 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 06 Mar 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,475 | 1,464 | 81 | 5,020 | 424 | 131 | 112 |
- HTML: 3,475
- PDF: 1,464
- XML: 81
- Total: 5,020
- Supplement: 424
- BibTeX: 131
- EndNote: 112
Total article views: 4,205 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 21 Aug 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,128 | 1,003 | 74 | 4,205 | 249 | 117 | 103 |
- HTML: 3,128
- PDF: 1,003
- XML: 74
- Total: 4,205
- Supplement: 249
- BibTeX: 117
- EndNote: 103
Total article views: 815 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 06 Mar 2019)
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 347 | 461 | 7 | 815 | 175 | 14 | 9 |
- HTML: 347
- PDF: 461
- XML: 7
- Total: 815
- Supplement: 175
- BibTeX: 14
- EndNote: 9
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 5,020 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 4,479 with geography defined
and 541 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 4,205 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 3,763 with geography defined
and 442 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 815 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 716 with geography defined
and 99 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
61 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Process-evaluation of forest aerosol-cloud-climate feedback shows clear evidence from observations and large uncertainty in models S. Blichner et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-45001-y
- Numerical simulation of the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on tropospheric composition and aerosol radiative forcing in Europe S. Reifenberg et al. 10.5194/acp-22-10901-2022
- Does prognostic seeding along flight tracks produce the desired effects of cirrus cloud thinning? C. Tully et al. 10.5194/acp-23-7673-2023
- Recent improvements and maximum covariance analysis of aerosol and cloud properties in the EC-Earth3-AerChem model M. Thomas et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-6903-2024
- Temperature and Concentration Affect Particle Size Upon Sublimation of Saline Ice: Implications for Sea Salt Aerosol Production in Polar Regions K. Závacká et al. 10.1029/2021GL097098
- Extreme Aerosol Events Over Eastern North America: 1. Characterizing and Simulating Historical Events Y. Guo et al. 10.1029/2020JD033758
- Evaluation of aerosol and cloud properties in three climate models using MODIS observations and its corresponding COSP simulator, as well as their application in aerosol–cloud interactions G. Saponaro et al. 10.5194/acp-20-1607-2020
- Too cold, too saturated? Evaluating climate models at the gateway to the Arctic F. Pithan et al. 10.5194/acp-25-3269-2025
- Developing a Cloud Scheme With Prognostic Cloud Fraction and Two Moment Microphysics for ECHAM‐HAM S. Muench & U. Lohmann 10.1029/2019MS001824
- Assessing predicted cirrus ice properties between two deterministic ice formation parameterizations C. Tully et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-2957-2023
- Atmospheric transport and deposition of cosmogenic 36Cl using ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 model M. Zheng et al. 10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119494
- On the contribution of fast and slow responses to precipitation changes caused by aerosol perturbations S. Zhang et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10179-2021
- In situ constraints on the vertical distribution of global aerosol D. Watson-Parris et al. 10.5194/acp-19-11765-2019
- Causes of Reduced Climate Sensitivity in E3SM From Version 1 to Version 2 Y. Qin et al. 10.1029/2023MS003875
- Technical note: Emulation of a large-eddy simulator for stratocumulus clouds in a general circulation model K. Nordling et al. 10.5194/acp-24-869-2024
- The Global Atmosphere‐aerosol Model ICON‐A‐HAM2.3–Initial Model Evaluation and Effects of Radiation Balance Tuning on Aerosol Optical Thickness M. Salzmann et al. 10.1029/2021MS002699
- Better calibration of cloud parameterizations and subgrid effects increases the fidelity of the E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1 P. Ma et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-2881-2022
- Increasing aerosol emissions from boreal biomass burning exacerbate Arctic warming Q. Zhong et al. 10.1038/s41558-024-02176-y
- Sampling Bias From Satellite Retrieval Failures of Cloud Properties and Its Implications for Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions G. Choudhury & T. Goren 10.1029/2025GL115429
- Coupling aerosols to (cirrus) clouds in the global EMAC-MADE3 aerosol–climate model M. Righi et al. 10.5194/gmd-13-1635-2020
- Historical Changes and Reasons for Model Differences in Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing in CMIP6 S. Fiedler et al. 10.1029/2023GL104848
- Modeling Atmospheric Transport of Cosmogenic Radionuclide 10Be Using GEOS‐Chem 14.1.1 and ECHAM6.3‐HAM2.3: Implications for Solar and Geomagnetic Reconstructions M. Zheng et al. 10.1029/2023GL106642
- The key role of atmospheric absorption in the Asian summer monsoon response to dust emissions in CMIP6 models A. Zhao et al. 10.5194/acp-24-13385-2024
- High sensitivity of cloud formation to aerosol changes A. Virtanen et al. 10.1038/s41561-025-01662-y
- Assessing the potential for simplification in global climate model cloud microphysics U. Proske et al. 10.5194/acp-22-4737-2022
- Increase in Indian summer monsoon precipitation as a response to doubled atmospheric CO2: CMIP6 simulations and projections P. Khardekar et al. 10.1007/s00704-023-04612-z
- Spatiotemporal variability of air–sea CO2 fluxes in response to El Niño-related marine heatwaves in the tropical Pacific Ocean M. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.106949
- Exploring the uncertainties in the aviation soot–cirrus effect M. Righi et al. 10.5194/acp-21-17267-2021
- Decomposing the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols based on CMIP6 Earth system models A. Kalisoras et al. 10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024
- Evaluation of CMIP6 model performance in simulating historical biogeochemistry across the southern South China Sea W. Marshal et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4007-2024
- Evaluation of climate model aerosol trends with ground-based observations over the last 2 decades – an AeroCom and CMIP6 analysis A. Mortier et al. 10.5194/acp-20-13355-2020
- Enhanced Light Absorption and Radiative Forcing by Black Carbon Agglomerates G. Kelesidis et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c00428
- An application of artificial intelligence for investigating the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on three-dimensional temperature variation in equatorial Africa D. Okoh et al. 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101318
- Towards better characterization of global warming impacts in the environment through climate classifications with improved global models A. Navarro et al. 10.1002/joc.7527
- How well are aerosol–cloud interactions represented in climate models? – Part 1: Understanding the sulfate aerosol production from the 2014–15 Holuhraun eruption G. Jordan et al. 10.5194/acp-24-1939-2024
- The surface tension and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation of sea spray aerosol particles J. Kleinheins et al. 10.5194/acp-25-881-2025
- Future warming exacerbated by aged-soot effect on cloud formation U. Lohmann et al. 10.1038/s41561-020-0631-0
- Quantifying Progress Across Different CMIP Phases With the ESMValTool L. Bock et al. 10.1029/2019JD032321
- Reconciling observed and predicted droplet concentration at the Indian summer monsoon cloud base M. Varghese & T. Prabhakaran 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179077
- Climate and air quality impacts due to mitigation of non-methane near-term climate forcers R. Allen et al. 10.5194/acp-20-9641-2020
- Impact of isolated atmospheric aging processes on the cloud condensation nuclei activation of soot particles F. Friebel et al. 10.5194/acp-19-15545-2019
- Cirrus cloud thinning using a more physically based ice microphysics scheme in the ECHAM-HAM general circulation model C. Tully et al. 10.5194/acp-22-11455-2022
- A Modeling Perspective on the Lingering Glacial Sea Surface Temperature Conundrum S. Krätschmer et al. 10.1029/2022GL100378
- Model calibration using ESEm v1.1.0 – an open, scalable Earth system emulator D. Watson-Parris et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-7659-2021
- Evaluating simulated climate patterns from the CMIP archives using satellite and reanalysis datasets using the Climate Model Assessment Tool (CMATv1) J. Fasullo 10.5194/gmd-13-3627-2020
- Mixed-phase regime cloud thinning could help restore sea ice D. Villanueva et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/aca16d
- Addressing Complexity in Global Aerosol Climate Model Cloud Microphysics U. Proske et al. 10.1029/2022MS003571
- Developing a climatological simplification of aerosols to enter the cloud microphysics of a global climate model U. Proske et al. 10.5194/acp-24-5907-2024
- Climate Impacts of COVID‐19 Induced Emission Changes A. Gettelman et al. 10.1029/2020GL091805
- The weakening AMOC under extreme climate change G. Madan et al. 10.1007/s00382-023-06957-7
- Mei‐yu Front Assessment in CMIP6 Earth System Models During the East Asian Summer Monsoon K. Ng et al. 10.1002/joc.8810
- Evaluating stratospheric ozone and water vapour changes in CMIP6 models from 1850 to 2100 J. Keeble et al. 10.5194/acp-21-5015-2021
- Comparing the Radiative Forcings of the Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions From Chile and Mexico T. Miinalainen et al. 10.1029/2020JD033364
- Representation of the terrestrial carbon cycle in CMIP6 B. Gier et al. 10.5194/bg-21-5321-2024
- Constraining the Impact of Dust‐Driven Droplet Freezing on Climate Using Cloud‐Top‐Phase Observations D. Villanueva et al. 10.1029/2021GL092687
- Simulating glacial dust changes in the Southern Hemisphere using ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 S. Krätschmer et al. 10.5194/cp-18-67-2022
- Assessing the climate and air quality effects of future aerosol mitigation in India using a global climate model combined with statistical downscaling T. Miinalainen et al. 10.5194/acp-23-3471-2023
- The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 – Part 1: Aerosol evaluation I. Tegen et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-1643-2019
- Anthropogenic aerosol forcing – insights from multiple estimates from aerosol-climate models with reduced complexity S. Fiedler et al. 10.5194/acp-19-6821-2019
- Developing a climatological simplification of aerosols to enter the cloud microphysics of a global climate model U. Proske et al. 10.5194/acp-24-5907-2024
- The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 – Part 2: Cloud evaluation, aerosol radiative forcing, and climate sensitivity D. Neubauer et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-3609-2019
57 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Process-evaluation of forest aerosol-cloud-climate feedback shows clear evidence from observations and large uncertainty in models S. Blichner et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-45001-y
- Numerical simulation of the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on tropospheric composition and aerosol radiative forcing in Europe S. Reifenberg et al. 10.5194/acp-22-10901-2022
- Does prognostic seeding along flight tracks produce the desired effects of cirrus cloud thinning? C. Tully et al. 10.5194/acp-23-7673-2023
- Recent improvements and maximum covariance analysis of aerosol and cloud properties in the EC-Earth3-AerChem model M. Thomas et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-6903-2024
- Temperature and Concentration Affect Particle Size Upon Sublimation of Saline Ice: Implications for Sea Salt Aerosol Production in Polar Regions K. Závacká et al. 10.1029/2021GL097098
- Extreme Aerosol Events Over Eastern North America: 1. Characterizing and Simulating Historical Events Y. Guo et al. 10.1029/2020JD033758
- Evaluation of aerosol and cloud properties in three climate models using MODIS observations and its corresponding COSP simulator, as well as their application in aerosol–cloud interactions G. Saponaro et al. 10.5194/acp-20-1607-2020
- Too cold, too saturated? Evaluating climate models at the gateway to the Arctic F. Pithan et al. 10.5194/acp-25-3269-2025
- Developing a Cloud Scheme With Prognostic Cloud Fraction and Two Moment Microphysics for ECHAM‐HAM S. Muench & U. Lohmann 10.1029/2019MS001824
- Assessing predicted cirrus ice properties between two deterministic ice formation parameterizations C. Tully et al. 10.5194/gmd-16-2957-2023
- Atmospheric transport and deposition of cosmogenic 36Cl using ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 model M. Zheng et al. 10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119494
- On the contribution of fast and slow responses to precipitation changes caused by aerosol perturbations S. Zhang et al. 10.5194/acp-21-10179-2021
- In situ constraints on the vertical distribution of global aerosol D. Watson-Parris et al. 10.5194/acp-19-11765-2019
- Causes of Reduced Climate Sensitivity in E3SM From Version 1 to Version 2 Y. Qin et al. 10.1029/2023MS003875
- Technical note: Emulation of a large-eddy simulator for stratocumulus clouds in a general circulation model K. Nordling et al. 10.5194/acp-24-869-2024
- The Global Atmosphere‐aerosol Model ICON‐A‐HAM2.3–Initial Model Evaluation and Effects of Radiation Balance Tuning on Aerosol Optical Thickness M. Salzmann et al. 10.1029/2021MS002699
- Better calibration of cloud parameterizations and subgrid effects increases the fidelity of the E3SM Atmosphere Model version 1 P. Ma et al. 10.5194/gmd-15-2881-2022
- Increasing aerosol emissions from boreal biomass burning exacerbate Arctic warming Q. Zhong et al. 10.1038/s41558-024-02176-y
- Sampling Bias From Satellite Retrieval Failures of Cloud Properties and Its Implications for Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions G. Choudhury & T. Goren 10.1029/2025GL115429
- Coupling aerosols to (cirrus) clouds in the global EMAC-MADE3 aerosol–climate model M. Righi et al. 10.5194/gmd-13-1635-2020
- Historical Changes and Reasons for Model Differences in Anthropogenic Aerosol Forcing in CMIP6 S. Fiedler et al. 10.1029/2023GL104848
- Modeling Atmospheric Transport of Cosmogenic Radionuclide 10Be Using GEOS‐Chem 14.1.1 and ECHAM6.3‐HAM2.3: Implications for Solar and Geomagnetic Reconstructions M. Zheng et al. 10.1029/2023GL106642
- The key role of atmospheric absorption in the Asian summer monsoon response to dust emissions in CMIP6 models A. Zhao et al. 10.5194/acp-24-13385-2024
- High sensitivity of cloud formation to aerosol changes A. Virtanen et al. 10.1038/s41561-025-01662-y
- Assessing the potential for simplification in global climate model cloud microphysics U. Proske et al. 10.5194/acp-22-4737-2022
- Increase in Indian summer monsoon precipitation as a response to doubled atmospheric CO2: CMIP6 simulations and projections P. Khardekar et al. 10.1007/s00704-023-04612-z
- Spatiotemporal variability of air–sea CO2 fluxes in response to El Niño-related marine heatwaves in the tropical Pacific Ocean M. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.106949
- Exploring the uncertainties in the aviation soot–cirrus effect M. Righi et al. 10.5194/acp-21-17267-2021
- Decomposing the effective radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols based on CMIP6 Earth system models A. Kalisoras et al. 10.5194/acp-24-7837-2024
- Evaluation of CMIP6 model performance in simulating historical biogeochemistry across the southern South China Sea W. Marshal et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4007-2024
- Evaluation of climate model aerosol trends with ground-based observations over the last 2 decades – an AeroCom and CMIP6 analysis A. Mortier et al. 10.5194/acp-20-13355-2020
- Enhanced Light Absorption and Radiative Forcing by Black Carbon Agglomerates G. Kelesidis et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c00428
- An application of artificial intelligence for investigating the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on three-dimensional temperature variation in equatorial Africa D. Okoh et al. 10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101318
- Towards better characterization of global warming impacts in the environment through climate classifications with improved global models A. Navarro et al. 10.1002/joc.7527
- How well are aerosol–cloud interactions represented in climate models? – Part 1: Understanding the sulfate aerosol production from the 2014–15 Holuhraun eruption G. Jordan et al. 10.5194/acp-24-1939-2024
- The surface tension and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation of sea spray aerosol particles J. Kleinheins et al. 10.5194/acp-25-881-2025
- Future warming exacerbated by aged-soot effect on cloud formation U. Lohmann et al. 10.1038/s41561-020-0631-0
- Quantifying Progress Across Different CMIP Phases With the ESMValTool L. Bock et al. 10.1029/2019JD032321
- Reconciling observed and predicted droplet concentration at the Indian summer monsoon cloud base M. Varghese & T. Prabhakaran 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179077
- Climate and air quality impacts due to mitigation of non-methane near-term climate forcers R. Allen et al. 10.5194/acp-20-9641-2020
- Impact of isolated atmospheric aging processes on the cloud condensation nuclei activation of soot particles F. Friebel et al. 10.5194/acp-19-15545-2019
- Cirrus cloud thinning using a more physically based ice microphysics scheme in the ECHAM-HAM general circulation model C. Tully et al. 10.5194/acp-22-11455-2022
- A Modeling Perspective on the Lingering Glacial Sea Surface Temperature Conundrum S. Krätschmer et al. 10.1029/2022GL100378
- Model calibration using ESEm v1.1.0 – an open, scalable Earth system emulator D. Watson-Parris et al. 10.5194/gmd-14-7659-2021
- Evaluating simulated climate patterns from the CMIP archives using satellite and reanalysis datasets using the Climate Model Assessment Tool (CMATv1) J. Fasullo 10.5194/gmd-13-3627-2020
- Mixed-phase regime cloud thinning could help restore sea ice D. Villanueva et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/aca16d
- Addressing Complexity in Global Aerosol Climate Model Cloud Microphysics U. Proske et al. 10.1029/2022MS003571
- Developing a climatological simplification of aerosols to enter the cloud microphysics of a global climate model U. Proske et al. 10.5194/acp-24-5907-2024
- Climate Impacts of COVID‐19 Induced Emission Changes A. Gettelman et al. 10.1029/2020GL091805
- The weakening AMOC under extreme climate change G. Madan et al. 10.1007/s00382-023-06957-7
- Mei‐yu Front Assessment in CMIP6 Earth System Models During the East Asian Summer Monsoon K. Ng et al. 10.1002/joc.8810
- Evaluating stratospheric ozone and water vapour changes in CMIP6 models from 1850 to 2100 J. Keeble et al. 10.5194/acp-21-5015-2021
- Comparing the Radiative Forcings of the Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions From Chile and Mexico T. Miinalainen et al. 10.1029/2020JD033364
- Representation of the terrestrial carbon cycle in CMIP6 B. Gier et al. 10.5194/bg-21-5321-2024
- Constraining the Impact of Dust‐Driven Droplet Freezing on Climate Using Cloud‐Top‐Phase Observations D. Villanueva et al. 10.1029/2021GL092687
- Simulating glacial dust changes in the Southern Hemisphere using ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 S. Krätschmer et al. 10.5194/cp-18-67-2022
- Assessing the climate and air quality effects of future aerosol mitigation in India using a global climate model combined with statistical downscaling T. Miinalainen et al. 10.5194/acp-23-3471-2023
4 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 – Part 1: Aerosol evaluation I. Tegen et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-1643-2019
- Anthropogenic aerosol forcing – insights from multiple estimates from aerosol-climate models with reduced complexity S. Fiedler et al. 10.5194/acp-19-6821-2019
- Developing a climatological simplification of aerosols to enter the cloud microphysics of a global climate model U. Proske et al. 10.5194/acp-24-5907-2024
- The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 – Part 2: Cloud evaluation, aerosol radiative forcing, and climate sensitivity D. Neubauer et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-3609-2019
Latest update: 01 Jul 2025
Short summary
The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 as well as the previous model versions ECHAM5.5–HAM2.0 and ECHAM6.1–HAM2.2 are evaluated. The simulation of clouds has improved in ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3. This has an impact on effective radiative forcing due to aerosol–radiation and aerosol–cloud interactions and equilibrium climate sensitivity, which are weaker in ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 than in the previous model versions.
The global aerosol–climate model ECHAM6.3–HAM2.3 as well as the previous model versions...
