the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Development and validation of a global 1/32° surface wave-tide-circulation coupled ocean model: FIO-COM32
- 1First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- 2Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- 3Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China
- 1First Institute of Oceanography, and Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
- 2Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- 3Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Science and Numerical Modeling, Qingdao 266061, China
Abstract. Model resolution and the included physical processes are two of the most important factors that determine the realism of ocean model simulations. In this study, a new global surface wave-tide-circulation coupled ocean model FIO-COM32 with a resolution of 1/32°×1/32° is developed and validated. Promotion of the horizontal resolution from 1/10° to 1/32° leads to significant improvements in the simulations of surface eddy kinetic energy (EKE), main paths of the Kuroshio and Gulf Stream, and the global tides. We propose the Integrated Circulation Route Error (ICRE) as a quantitative criteria to evaluate the simulated main paths of Kuroshio and Gulf Stream. The non-breaking surface wave-induced mixing (Bv) is proven to still be an important contributor that improves the agreement of the simulated summer mixed layer depth (MLD) and the Argo observations even with a high horizontal resolution of 1/32°. The mean error of the simulated mid-latitude summer MLD is reduced from -4.8 m in the numerical experiment without Bv to -0.6 m in experiment with Bv. By including the global tide, the global distributions of internal tide can be explicitly simulated in this new model and are comparable to the satellite observations. Based on Jason3 along-track sea surface height (SSH), wave number spectral slopes of mesoscale ranges and wave number-frequency analysis show that the unbalanced motions induced SSH undulation is a key factor for the substantially improved agreement between model and satellite observations in the low latitudes and low EKE regions. For ocean model community, surface waves, tidal currents and ocean circulations have been separated into different streams for more than half a century. This paper suggests that it should be the time to merge these three streams for new generation ocean model development.
Bin Xiao et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
-
CC1: 'Comment on gmd-2022-254', Paul PUKITE, 26 Oct 2022
Good article supporting the fact that tides govern the overall flid dynamics in the major ocean basins. But must include the impact of the so-called long-period tides of lengths of weeks or more, as these are the factors that better match the lagged thermocline sloshing response (short diurnal cycles are filtered). The curious multidecadal response of the AMO and PDO are a result of the 9.133-day Mt tide interacting with a monomictic themocline inpulse. As 9.133 days is almost a perfect multiple in the annual cycle (~39.99 cycles in a year) this creates a reinforcing constructive/destructive interference cycle of ~100 years. Cite Mathematical Geoenergy (Wiley/AGU,2018) for the complete tidal analysis.
-
AC1: 'Reply on CC1', Fangli Qiao, 08 Jan 2023
Thanks a lot for your constructive comments. The tidal scheme implemented in this paper is the common 8 main semi-diurnal and diurnal constituents following previous papers. Constrained by computational resource, this initial study aims to show the importance of tide in ocean circulation system in a short period (covering only a three and a half years period from 1 June of 2016 to 31 December of 2019). Therefore, we cannot study the important multidecadal response of the AMO and PDO. As you mentioned, the long-period tides of lengths of weeks or more are also crucially important. Resource allowed, we would like to test this exciting idea for including 9.133-day Mt tide and analyzing its effects in the future. We agree that the multidecadal processes of the AMO and PDO is of great importance in the ocean climate modelling community. In current stage, as the first step, this paper mainly focus on the relatively short-term response of global tide-circulation coupling (e.g. the internal tides impacts on SSH spectrum). While your comments do remind us the importance of improving the tidal scheme to include a more complete set of tidal constituents in the future model developments. We strongly believe that exciting results could be achieved by including the Mt tide.
-
AC1: 'Reply on CC1', Fangli Qiao, 08 Jan 2023
-
RC1: 'Comment on gmd-2022-254', Anonymous Referee #1, 01 Dec 2022
This manuscript describes the implementation and initial results of simulations using a very high-resolution (1/32°) global ocean model, including waves and tides. This is an exceptional effort and adds to a small handful of similar very high-resolution simulations of the ocean which have been undertaken to date. As such, it is suitable for publication in GMD and deserves to be eventually published.
However, the manuscript is essentially the same as their previous version, gmd-2022-52, which I have reviewed twice and was ultimately rejected. The main problem with their previous version, and the current submission, is their persistent belief that the Bv parameterisation represents mixing by non-breaking waves, which it does not. Although they have removed three of the previous references to Bv as representing mixing by non-breaking waves, there are still several places in which this belief is retained (which I will detail below). Unfortunately, therefore, the paper must be rejected again.
Firstly, though, I include again my response to the authors’ previous comments about Bv: “I thank the authors for their response on the Bv parameterisation. However, no good reason has still been provided to support their assumption that w’ and l’ are in phase for the waves (to leading order). Even though, yes, the fluid motion is not fully irrotational, to first order, for a monochromatic wave train, w’ and l’ are in quadrature, so that <w’l’> = 0. However, in Qiao et al. (2010, Ocean Dynamics 60: 1339-1355), a single monochromatic wave is considered, and the key underlying assumption for Bv is made between equations 34 and 35 that w’ and l’ are in phase, so that <w’l’> is NON-ZERO. There is no justification given for this, either in the paper, or the authors’ response to my original point on this. Regarding the wave tank observations which are purported to support Bv, I would need to look at these very closely as a separate exercise, but would make the observation that mixing effects will result from the sides of the tank which may be difficult to allow for. And their third point that Bv has already been used in a range of leading models and can dramatically improve their mixed layers is irrelevant to the point in question: of course, the addition of a (possibly large) near-surface mixing term will result in the reduction of over-heating in the ocean surface through additional downward mixing.” The overall effect of Bv is to add an arbitrary, unphysical mixing term (which could be quite large) to the upper ocean.
The places which need to be corrected in the present manuscript, concerning Bv, are now:
l. 16. “The non-breaking surface wave-induced mixing (Bv) is proven to still be” should read “A previously described upper ocean mixing scheme (Bv) is proven to still be”
l. 252-270. Why is the discussion of the Stokes shear force introduced here, what impact does it have on anything being discussed? i.e. what does the epsilon parameter compare the Stokes shear force to? Is this intended to justify the inclusion of Bv in the model (ie by saying this will be important when the Stokes shear force is important)? Note that Bv does NOT represent the effect of mixing by non-breaking waves. Therefore, I cannot see the point of this discussion about the Stokes shear force, and the discussion in lines 252-270 should be deleted.
l. 305. “Prior to examining the effects of surface wave-induced mixing in the …” we are NOT examining the effects of surface-wave induced mixing here, only of the Bv parameterisation which does NOT represent breaking by non-breaking waves. This sentence must be changed to “Prior to examining the effects of the Bv mixing scheme in the …”
l. 411. Bv does NOT represent mixing by non-breaking waves, so change “the non-breaking wave induced mixing (Bv)” to “the mixing induced by Bv”
Other comments which should be addressed are as follows:
l. 22. Need to explain what are the “unbalanced motions” referred to here? Are they the motions induced by internal tides for instance?
l. 121-125: In the high resolution case, the wave and ocean circulation model are coupled offline, so the wave field cannot interact with the ocean circulation fields as they change (ie because the wave fields are previously saved as fixed data files). Need to explain this fully here.
l. 138-139. The Bv field applied to the high-resolution (1/32°) model is calculated from an online-coupled lower resolution model (1/4°). The lower resolution model will have different circulation fields (i.e. the currents will be slower and broader, and probably in different places), so the Bv field applied to the high-resolution model will not be appropriate. What difference will this make to the high-resolution results?
l. 160 The wave-tide-circulation model is NOT fully coupled since the waves are run offline – change this to “In EXP2, wave-tide-circulation coupling is enabled”.
p. 8 and fig.s 4 and 5. What longitudes are the ICRE diagnostics defined over (presumably those in the figures)?
p. 8 and fig. 5. How is the ICRE defined for the Gulf Stream in the 1/10° model, since the contour used for its definition does not exist eastwards of about 63°W?
l. 293-294: how do you justify the claim that “the global tide accuracy is sufficient to support” …. “ the investigation of tide-circulation coupled processes” given that the errors in fig 8g are in excess of 25cm over large regions of the ocean?
Fig. 12 (d) shows the LSML not the MLD as specified in the caption.
Fig.s 13 and 14 and discussion of the inclusion of internal tides. This was nice to see and the most useful part of the paper. The inclusion of the internal tides appears to add SSH variability between 70-250 km and increase the amount of energy in the spectra (fig. 14) in the more quiescent tropical regions, so that the spectral slope is reduced and more in agreement with the observations. However, fig. 13 clearly shows that the internal tidal field at the surface is too strong, probably because of the lack of bottom dissipation. Can the authors comment on how to reconcile these two aspects, ie if the internal tidal field was realistic, what would the effect on the spectral slopes be (e.g. in fig. 14(e)).
l. 390. Replace “it displaces by clear discrete beams” with “these are shown by clear discrete beams”
l.395: what are the unbalanced motions – presumably the internal tides, IGWs etc?
Fig. 15. Please say which solid black line is the tenth normal mode, and which is the first?
Fig. 15 caption is wrong: e.g the box centred at 138°E, 26°N is shown in panels (a), (b) and (c) and not in panels (a) and (b) as in the caption, with similar comments for the other rows of panels.
l. 402. This is NOT a fully-coupled model as the surface waves are computed offline and do not interact with the ocean circulation fields as they evolve, so change “surface wave-tide-circulation fully coupled model” to “surface wave-tide-circulation coupled model”.
l. 438-439: “we clearly show surface wave-tide-circulation coupling can dramatically improve our simulations” is not true since the surface waves are not fully coupled. So delete the word “clearly”.
Minor corrections to the English (up to line 147) are as follows (there are many more such corrections which could be made, so a thorough read-through by a native English speaker would be of benefit here):
l. 33 Further improved resolution has a significant impact
l. 48 The most uncertain term
l. 51 proposed an upper ocean mixing scheme of Bv
l. 61 in many coarse resolution
l. 64 coarse and high resolution
l. 97 configurations and design
l. 147 baroclinic experiments so that
- AC3: 'Reply on RC1', Fangli Qiao, 08 Jan 2023
-
CC2: 'Comment on gmd-2022-254', Hui Wu, 23 Dec 2022
Really an impressive work. As far as I have known, most other general ocean circulation models don't include effects of tide and wave. This paper indicated that taking these two factors into consideration is essential to improve the model performance. In particular, the authors suggested that adding a non-breaking wave mixing, i.e., the Bv, can significantly improve the simulation of mixing layer depth. I noticed that the authors have published many papers with the application of Bv method. Perhaps adding a slightly more detailed description on this wave-induced mixing scheme would increase the readability of this paper.
-
AC2: 'Reply on CC2', Fangli Qiao, 08 Jan 2023
Thanks a lot for your insightful comments. As you have mentioned, this paper tries to propose that the different ocean physical processes such as surface waves, tidal currents and ocean general circulations which have been separated into different streams for a long period should be merged for new generation ocean model development. This paper has demonstrated the potential benefits that can be achieved along this direction for the development of new generation global high resolution ocean model, specifically the significantly improved summer mixed layer depth by inclusion of non-breaking surface wave induced mixing and the significantly improved SSH wave number spectral slopes of mesoscale ranges by inclusion of tide-circulation coupling. According to your constructive suggestions, we have updated the description of surface wave-induced mixing scheme in the introduction of the revision to increase the readability.
-
AC2: 'Reply on CC2', Fangli Qiao, 08 Jan 2023
-
RC2: 'Comment on gmd-2022-254', Anonymous Referee #2, 16 Jan 2023
The paper introduces 1/32° resolution simulations with waves and tides. I think it is a nice first effort in terms of model development. However, I don’t find the results from these runs warrant a solid scientific publication. Therefore, I recommend rejection to the paper.
The conclusion on the effect of resolutions is hardly innovative: higher resolution resolves smaller scale processes, and that affects eddy-rich systems like Kuroshio and Gulf Stream. In contrast, ACC seems to get worse in 1/32°, which seems to me is a more interesting aspect, but the authors curiously left it out.
The tide part is also confusing. First, the global averaged RMS errors in the barotropic runs are suspiciously high (even higher than some of the past works with lower resolutions), which begs further investigation of the validity of the model physics and makes it hard to argue the conclusions based on these simulations. Furthermore, the 1/32° baroclinic run yields even worse tides than not only its barotropic counterpart but also the 1/10° resolution runs. In my opinion, this result alone discredits the model and the conclusions from the simulations.
In addition, I find the draft poorly written. There are numerous grammar mistakes, and many sentences are either confusing or awkward.
- AC4: 'Reply on RC2', Fangli Qiao, 23 Jan 2023
Bin Xiao et al.
Bin Xiao et al.
Viewed
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 444 | 91 | 21 | 556 | 3 | 6 |
- HTML: 444
- PDF: 91
- XML: 21
- Total: 556
- BibTeX: 3
- EndNote: 6
Viewed (geographical distribution)
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1