8Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
9Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
1Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de 1’Environnement/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91191, France
2Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
3Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
4Laboratoire de Géologie, UMR 8538, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Paris, France
5Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
6CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale 3195, Australia
8Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
9Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Abstract. The availability of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) constrain the ability of ecosystems to use resources such as light, water and carbon. In turn, nutrients impact the distribution of productivity, ecosystem carbon turnovers and their net exchange of CO2 with the atmosphere in response to variation of environmental conditions both in space and in time. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the global version of the land surface model ORCHIDEE-CNP (v1.2) which explicitly simulates N and P biogeochemistry in terrestrial ecosystems coupled with carbon, water and energy transfers. We used data from remote-sensing, ground-based measurement networks and ecological databases. Components of the N and P cycle at different levels of aggregation (from local to global) are in good agreement with data-driven estimates. When integrated for the period 1850 to 2017 forced with variable climate, rising CO2 and land use change, we show that ORCHIDEE-CNP underestimates the land carbon sink in the North Hemisphere (NH) during the recent decades, despite an a priori realistic GPP response to rising CO2. This result suggests either that other processes than CO2 fertilization which are omitted in ORCHIDEE-CNP, such as changes in biomass turnover, are predominant drivers of the northern land sink, and/or that the model parameterizations produce too strict emerging nutrient limitations on biomass growth in northern areas. In line with the latter, we identified biases in the simulated large-scale patterns of leaf and soil stoichiometry and plant P use efficiency pointing towards a too severe P limitations towards the poles. Based on our analysis of ecosystem resource use efficiencies and nutrient cycling, we propose ways to address the model biases by giving priority to better representing processes of soil organic P mineralization and soil inorganic P transformation, followed by refining the biomass production efficiency under increasing atmospheric CO2, phenology dynamics and canopy light absorption.
We evaluated the performance of nutrient enabled version land surface model ORCHIDEE-CNP v 1.2 against remote-sensing, ground-based measurement networks and ecological databases. We find that the simulated carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes among different spatial scales are generally in good agreement with data-driven estimates. However, the recent carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere is substantially underestimated. Potential causes, as well as model development priorities are discussed.
We evaluated the performance of nutrient enabled version land surface model ORCHIDEE-CNP v 1.2...