the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Submitted as: development and technical paper 05 Jan 2021
Submitted as: development and technical paper | 05 Jan 2021
Vertical grid refinement for stratocumulus clouds in the radiation scheme of a global climate model
- 1Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- anow at: Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- 1Institute of Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- anow at: Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
Abstract. In this study, we implement a vertical grid refinement scheme in the radiation routine of the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM-HAM, aiming to improve the representation of stratocumulus clouds and address the underestimation of their cloud cover. The scheme is based on a reconstruction of the temperature inversion as a physical constraint for the cloud top. On the refined grid, the boundary layer and the free troposphere are separated and the cloud's layer is made thinner. The cloud cover is re-calculated either by conserving the cloud volume (SC-VOLUME) or by using the Sundqvist cloud cover routine on the new grid representation (SC-SUND). In global climate simulations, we find that the SC-VOLUME approach is inadequate, as in most cases there is a mismatch between the layer of the inversion and of the stratocumulus cloud, which prevents its application and is itself likely caused by too-low vertical resolution. With the SC-SUND approach, the possibility for new clouds to be formed on the refined grid results in a large increase in mean total cloud cover in stratocumulus regions. In both cases, however, the changes exerted in the radiation routine are too weak to produce a significant improvement of the simulated stratocumulus cloud cover. The grid refinement scheme could be used more effectively for this purpose if implemented directly in the model's cloud microphysics and cloud cover routines.
Paolo Pelucchi et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on gmd-2020-384', Anonymous Referee #1, 24 Jan 2021
In this paper, two related approaches to improve biases in stratocumulus cloud cover in ECHAM-HAM are presented. They both rely on a vertical grid refinement step. This allows the determination of the inversion level and then a remapping step, where the two methods differ. The updated vertical profiles are used in the radiation calculation. This is an interesting study. The results are basically negative, but are presented well. Given the nature of the results, I do not think it is incumbent upon the authors nor reviewers to try to "fix" these schemes or to subject the schemes to much additional scrutiny in this paper. The text identifies some of the difficulties with the approach. In my estimation, these boil down to (1) adjusting the cloud cover just for the radiation calculation does not seem to be enough to push the model toward a more realistic climate (in terms of stratocumulus cover) and (2) there are probably too many concessions in only applying the vertical refinement to the gridscale clouds to make it worth the effort for minimal improvements to the climate. I think only minor revisions are need for this paper. There is an opportunity here to make the work more broadly applicable by (1) making some comparison to other global models that might use similar approaches and (2) possibly making more assertive statements about what are likely to be productive paths toward improved stratocumulus representations in global models.
On these two general points, I'll just add a couple thoughts. I noted in my specific comments below a connection two two other models. First is the NCAR CAM5 that used the UW moist turbulence and shallow convection schemes, which I think are based on Grenier and Bretherton. It would be interesting to know whether the results here could be related to results with that model (where the ambiguous layer must be used for determining turbulent mixing and possibly cloud cover). The other is the UCLA model that used a mixed layer model for their boundary layer scheme; that model isn't really relevant any more, but there are some shared assumptions with the scheme used here, so I wondered if there was any merit in making that connection? On the second point, I think the conclusions here could be expanded a little bit. In particular, I wonder whether any recommendations could be made beyond the possibility of also applying the refined grid to the microphysics. Below I note some skepticism about that path, as it would seem to just lead to wanting to apply the refined grid to the rest of the physics too. One could also ask whether there is value in trying to better match the physics and dynamics by better including the inversion reconstruction in the vertical advection? Finally, and maybe most simply, how much benefit would there be to just increasing the vertical resolution in the boundary layer versus trying to reconstruct the smaller-scale structure?
SPECIFIC COMMENTS
1. around line 105: the "invgrid" with the squished clouds seems like it would be problematic from the outset. Since the optical depth of the clouds is directly related to the LWP, when the cloud volume is conserved but made geometrically thinner but broader, the cloud fraction goes up, but the LWP would be reduced, correct? Seems like that could end up radiatively warming (via shortwave) the subcloud layer (a small effect) and the surface (potentially large effect in coupled settings, and would work against the goal of increasing cloud cover).
2. around line 130: The column detection method is fine, but is this the complete description? Is there an ocean mask or a latitude limiter applied? Otherwise, it seems like non-subtropical-stratocumulus would be selected often (at high latitudes, for example). Oh, I see that later in the results, the changes outside the subtropics are noted. Was there any attempt to more directly limit the application to stratocumulus?
3. Line 160: a small notational thing, I always reserve q for specific humidity while r is used for mass mixing ratio. It's a convention that is known, but not always followed. I just want to confirm that it is mass mixing ratio that is being used (mass_water / mass_dry_air) and not specific humidity (mass_water / (mass_dry_air + Sum_i(mass_water_i))).
4. Line 200: in climatologies stratocumulus will be thicker, but instantaneously, wouldn't we expect to often find much thinner layers?
5. Line 249: I don't think that "heat content H" is an appropriate thermodynamic description for Equation 13; isn't this more correctly called the enthalpy?
6. Sec. 2.2.3 (grid refinement): I'm interested to know whether regridding the aerosol fields was considered? I don't remember much about how ECHAM-HAM does aerosol, but I assume that there are a number of species that are advected and interact with the clouds and radiation. In some stratocumulus regimes, for example over the southeast Atlantic during biomass burning over central Africa, there are important aerosol direct (and possibly indirect) effects that influence the cloud/boundary layer structure. This seems like it could be problematic for this approach, since the aerosol will interact with clouds separate from the radiation, so it would not be obvious how to regrid the aerosol. If the aerosol is left homogeneously distributed in the grid cell, it could alter the radiative forcing in the column.
7. Sec. 2.2.3 (grid refinement): The other question I had was whether rain or snow are radiatively active in the model. If so, it seems like they would need to be regridded as well -- for example, to avoid the situation where drizzle is falling into the stratocumulus that made it (!).
8. Another question about the scheme itself is what it looks like for stratocumulus that are multiple grid levels deep? I assume this occurs frequently (it does in other models with similar resolution). It would seem like this would impose a structure that would be more like cumulus rising into stratocumulus in some circumstances. Or maybe I missed a detail, and there is some adjustment to the lower cloud layer, too? Later in the paper this is shown a little bit (Figure 5), and is kind of addressed in the discussion of the difference between the VOLUME and SUND schemes, but not completely. In the AMIP runs, I would expect multi-level clouds to occur frequently, and I'm still not sure if anything is done for the lower cloud layer in the case when the inversion level pushes the cloud top down into a level (rather than popping it up to the next level as in Fig 5b and c).
9. L330 / Fig 3: The failure of the LCL diagnostic is interesting (although probably secondary to the main topic). It would informative to include in Figure 3 and indication of where "cloud base" is in the actual model. That is, mark the bottom of the level with non-negligible liquid water. This seems to be indicated in Fig 5, so maybe it isn't worth adding to Figure 3.
10. Also, a 6-day SCM run isn't very convincing in terms of the success of the inversion reconstruction. Were other cases like DYCOMS-II or ASTEX also investigated? At L334, the comparison with previous results is noted. It is hard to have much confidence in this improvement based on what is shown. Another option would be to re-run the EPIC case a bunch of times with perturbed initial conditions (as in Hack & Pedretti 2000) to get a better sense of the statistical properties of the inversion reconstruction.
11. I think Figure 4 should also include the radiosondes from EPIC that are mentioned previously. Looks like the data is available here: https://atmos.washington.edu/~breth/EPIC/EPIC2001_Sc_ID/sc_integ_data_fr.htm
12. Around L465: This is a key conclusion of the paper, I think. If we think of this vertical regridding scheme as an attempt at some kind of "dynamic bias correction" to cloud cover, it doesn't really work. The initial cloud formation mechanisms are flawed, so a scheme that would just try to boost the cloud cover in the radiation is extremely limited in utility.
13. L502-4: I agree that one might expect better performance by also applying the regridding to the the microphysics. That would be like an improved version of the SC-SUND scheme that would deal with phase partitioning and drop numbers better (and aerosol?). I would suggest that approach would also come up short, and that the argument then would be that the turbulent mixing isn't represented correctly because it doesn't know the correct "mixing height" because it is acting (probably, depends on the scheme) on full model layers. So if the microphysics and radiation were adjusted, the recommendation might be to extend the adjustment to the turbulence, too. At that point, the Grenier and Bretherton (and then Bretherton and Park / Park and Bretherton) schemes would seem like an attractive solution, harmonizing the shallow convection, gridscale cloud physics, and turbulence; the microphysics and radiation then get to come along for the ride, but would depend a bit on the implementation. I don't think that in NCAR-CAM5 (which uses the Bretherton/Parks schemes) the radiation has any information about the inversion height.
14. Another model that I thought about while reading this paper was the old UCLA GCM. The relevant idea there was that they used a well-mixed layer assumption to determine their lowest model level's height, which was synonymous with the "boundary layer". They did a relatively good job with stratocumulus because they had a level interface that was naturally at the inversion. (Now, where the mixed layer assumption didn't work well raised other important errors, but for stratocumulus it worked pretty well.) See Suarez et al. (1983) and Randall and Suarez (1984).
referencesM. J. A. Suarez, A. Arakawa, and D. A. Randall, “The parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in the UCLA general circulation model: formulation and results,” Mon. Wea. Rev., vol. 111, pp. 2224– 2243, 1983.
D. A. Randall and M. J. Suarez, “On the dynamics of stratocumulus formation and dissipation,” J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 41, pp. 3052–3057, 1984.
S. Park and C. S. Bretherton, “The University of Washington shallow convection and moist turbulence schemes and their impact on climate simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model,” J. Climate, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 3449–3469, 2009.
C. S. Bretherton and S. Park, “A new moist turbulence parameterization in the Community Atmosphere Model,” J. Climate, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 3422–3448, 2009.
J. J. Hack and J. A. Pedretti, “Assessment of solution uncertainties in single-column modeling frame- works,” Journal of Climate, vol. 13, pp. 352–365, 2015/06/15 2000.
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RC2: 'Comment on gmd-2020-384', Anonymous Referee #2, 12 Feb 2021
This paper describes the application of grid-refinement techniques to improve the cloud cover under inversions as seen by the radiation scheme in the ECHAM-HAM model. Ultimately, the attempts are unsuccessful in improving the mean model climate, which is somewhat sad as the paper is very well written. It leaves me quite uncertain what to suggest.
On one hand, I'm supportive of publishing a study like this, as it is useful to the community to know what has been done, and that (in this case) it doesn't really work. On the other, I'm unsure that the paper contains enough new material to be published. In particular:
- The method of grid refinement is not new, it is simply an application of an already published study (Grenier & Bretherton 2001).
- The idea of giving the radiation scheme the spatial area of cloud seen rather than the volume fraction is not new, but has been discussed by several previous studies (most recently Boutle & Morcrette 2010).
- Applying grid-refinement techniques to improve cloud cover has been more successfully implemented in other models, and so the application of this to a full GCM is not new. Further to this, the application in other models (e.g. Boutle & Morcrette 2010) has applied the technique to cloud variables throughout the model, rather than just to those seen by radiation. Therefore the previous studies on the topic seem to offer a more complete and consistent solution to the problem, and possibly unsurprisingly, have been more successful in demonstrating model improvements.
Therefore I'm struggling to see really what the new results being presented here are.
The best suggestion I can offer is to try the experiment applying SC-SUND to all cloud, not just that seen by the radiation. This would be consistent with how previous studies have applied similar techniques and demonstrated improvement. It would seem that you've done all the hard work in coding up the new scheme, and therefore linking it in to the main cloud water/fraction variables is a trivial extra step. This would (hopefully) not only allow you to show a model improvement that ECHAM-HAM developers/users would be interested in, but also allow discussion of why only applying the scheme to the radiation does not work. I feel discussion of this point is somewhat lacking in the current paper. The expectation is clearly that this is the most important term in the cloud budget, and therefore should be sufficient - so why isn't it? It looks from Fig 6 that the increase in cloud from SC-SUND (e) is almost comparable to the bias in main model cloud (b). So is having improved radiative fluxes in these regions (I assume they are improved - this is something else that could be shown and discussed in the paper) not feeding back onto the inversion structure in a way that allows the cloud to form properly there? Or is the model vertical grid so coarse and inadequate that there is no hope of ever forming cloud correctly there? Both of these would clearly motivate diagnosing the full model cloud quantities using SC-SUND, as this will compensate for the poor vertical resolution, but also allow further improvements to the radiative fluxes and inversion structure, feeding back onto the cloud properties.
My other suggestion would be to link the discussion to recent literature a bit more. Sundqvist-type cloud schemes that use a critical relative humidity are somewhat arcane and will always struggle around inversions due to the mixing of boundary-layer and free tropospheric air masses in a way that cannot be represented by a simple monomodal PDF and critical relative humidity. A (very) recent set of papers (van Weverberg et al. 2021a,b) has discussed this in detail, demonstrating that really the cloud properties here need to be considered as bimodal, and representing them otherwise probably places fundamental limits on how good the cloud can ever be near an inversion.
Refs:
van Weverberg, K., Morcrette, C. J., Boutle, I., Furtado, K. and Field, P. R. (2021). A Bimodal Diagnostic Cloud Fraction Parameterization. Part I: Motivating Analysis and Scheme Description. Mon. Weather Rev., doi:10.1175/MWR-D-20-0224.1
van Weverberg, K., Morcrette, C. J. and Boutle, I. (2021). A Bimodal Diagnostic Cloud Fraction Parameterization. Part II: Evaluation and Resolution Sensitivity. Mon. Weather Rev., doi:10.1175/MWR-D-20-0230.1
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CEC3: 'Comment on gmd-2020-384', Astrid Kerkweg, 26 Feb 2021
Dear authors,
in my role as Executive editor of GMD, I would like to bring to your attention our Editorial version 1.2:
https://www.geosci-model-dev.net/12/2215/2019/
This highlights some requirements of papers published in GMD, which is also available on the GMD website in the ‘Manuscript Types’ section:
http://www.geoscientific-model-development.net/submission/manuscript_types.html
In particular, please note that for your paper, the following requirements have not been met in the Discussions paper:
- The main paper must give the model name and version number (or other unique identifier) in the title.
- "Code must be published on a persistent public archive with a unique identifier for the exact model version described in the paper or uploaded to the supplement, unless this is impossible for reasons beyond the control of authors. All papers must include a section, at the end of the paper, entitled "Code availability". Here, either instructions for obtaining the code, or the reasons why the code is not available should be clearly stated. It is preferred for the code to be uploaded as a supplement or to be made available at a data repository with an associated DOI (digital object identifier) for the exact model version described in the paper. Alternatively, for established models, there may be an existing means of accessing the code through a particular system. In this case, there must exist a means of permanently accessing the precise model version described in the paper. In some cases, authors may prefer to put models on their own website, or to act as a point of contact for obtaining the code. Given the impermanence of websites and email addresses, this is not encouraged, and authors should consider improving the availability with a more permanent arrangement. Making code available through personal websites or via email contact to the authors is not sufficient. After the paper is accepted the model archive should be updated to include a link to the GMD paper."
Please note, that even though the code is not freely available, the exact code version used for the publication needs to be archived. There please provide an identifyer or other means how the exact code version can be accessed.
Please add the name and version number of the model used (ECHAM-HAMMOZ) and the version number to the title of your manuscript.
Yours,
Astrid Kerkweg
- AC1: 'Author response to all reviewer comments', Paolo Pelucchi, 10 Apr 2021
Paolo Pelucchi et al.
Data sets
Data for the publication "Vertical grid refinement for stratocumulus clouds in the radiation scheme of a global climate model" Paolo Pelucchi, David Neubauer, and Ulrike Lohmann https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4268194
Model code and software
Scripts for the publication "Vertical grid refinement for stratocumulus clouds in the radiation scheme of a global climate model" Paolo Pelucchi, David Neubauer, and Ulrike Lohmann https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4268168
Paolo Pelucchi et al.
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