Supplementary figures

Supplement to article “Validation of the PALM model system 6.0 in real urban environment; case study of Prague-Dejvice, Czech Republic”

S1. Common figures

Figure S1. Location of the Prague-Dejvice quarter with delineation of outer (red line) and inner (blue line) domain. Vector geodata for the top left image was provided by ESRI (Europe NUTS 0 Boundaries). Administrative borders on top right images (The Data200 database), same as the base map of the Czech Republic at 1:10 000 for the city of Prague on bottom image, were provided by Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (ČÚZK, 2020).

Figure S2. Digital elevation model of Prague-Dejvice with delineation of parent (red line) and child (blue line) domain. Digital elevation model was provided by Prague OpenData portal (Prague Geoportal, 2020), the base map of the Czech Republic at 1:10 000 for the city of Prague was provided by Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (ČÚZK, 2020).

Figure S3. Urban Atlas 2012 (Copernicus Land Monitoring Service) land cover of Prague-Dejvice with delineation of parent (red line) and child (blue line) domain. The base map of the Czech Republic at 1:10 000 for the city of Prague was provided by Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (ČÚZK, 2020).

Figure S4. Semi-automatically processed facade image (left), circular temperature measurement areas and transformation points are shown. Ground image processed by FLIR Tools (right), rectangular temperature measurement areas were selected manually.

Figure S5. Comparison of facade surface temperatures measured by the FLIR SC660 IR camera (squares and triangles) and TRSYS01 thermal sensor (solid and dashed line) at Sinkule house during the summer (A) and winter (B) campaign. GF (blue colour) and 1F (black colour) stands for ground floor and 1st floor measurements respectively.

Figure S7. Locations of measuring vehicles (MV) in Prague-Dejvice. MV positions in the study area are marked on Fig. 1.

Figure S8. Vertical profile of relative humidity (green) observed using drone measurements on 28 November 2018. Drone position is marked on Fig. 1. Purple line shows drone height in time.

Figure S9. Vertical profile of air temperature (green) observed using drone measurements on 28 November 2018. Drone position is marked on Fig. 1. Purple line shows drone height in time.

Figure S10. Locations of air quality background stations and selected meteorological stations in Prague. The ortophoto for the city of Prague was provided by Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre as WMS service (ČÚZK, 2020).

Figure S11. Geopotential height at 500 hPa in 6-hour timestep for summer e2 and winter e3 episodes. Blue line is ERA-Interim reanalysis, red line is WRF simulation of 9km domain. Background layer uses the public domain shaded relief map from Shaded Relief (2020).

Figure S12. Geopotential height at 850 hPa in 6-hour timestep for summer e2 and winter e3 episodes. Blue line is ERA-Interim reanalysis, red line is WRF simulation of 9km domain. Background layer uses the public domain shaded relief map from Shaded Relief (2020).

Supp13 soundings palm summer e1 theta+ws

Figure S13. Vertical profile of potential temperature (solid line) and wind speed (dashed line) for the summer e1 episode from the weather balloon soundings at Praha-Libuš station (purple and red) and parent domain average from the PALM model simulation (yellow and blue).

Supp14 soundings palm winter e1 theta+ws

Figure S14. Vertical profile of potential temperature (solid line) and wind speed (dashed line) for the winter e1 episode from the weather balloon soundings at Praha-Libuš station (purple and red) and parent domain average from the PALM model simulation (yellow and blue).

Supp15 soundings palm winter e2 theta+ws

Figure S15. Vertical profile of potential temperature (solid line) and wind speed (dashed line) for the winter e2 episode from the weather balloon soundings at Praha-Libuš station (purple and red) and parent domain average from the PALM model simulation (yellow and blue).

Figure S16. Daily variation of NO_X (top) and PM₁₀ (bottom) concentrations during summer episodes e1 and e2 (left) and winter episodes e1 and e2 (right). Observations represent urban background stations closest to PALM domains. (Fig. Supp13). Mean and 95% confidence interval in mean is shown.

Figure S17. Time series of wind speed and wind direction at the roof of the tall building of the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Czech Technical University for summer episode e1 (top), winter episode e1 (middle), and winter episode e2 (bottom). Thin lines represent 10-minute averages and the thick lines 1-hour moving averages of wind speed. The arrows represent 2-hour averages of wind direction.

Figure S18. Example of transformation of the buildings from GIS data to the grid structure for Sinkule dormitory (location 12-1). Aerial view of the Sinkule dormitory and adjacent buildings from the courtyard direction (upper right), RGB and IR view of the dormitory building wall on 20 Jul 2018 at 10:03 UTC (upper and middle left), GIS wall layer and DEM discretized to grid (middle right) and the 3D view of the modelled surface temperature on 20 Jul 2018 at 10:00 UTC (bottom). Top right image © 2020 Google.

Figure S19. Modelled (solid dark blue line) and observed (dark blue dots) surface heatflux in particular street canyon observation locations. The modelled values represent the one-hour floating average while the darker yellow line shows the original 10-minutes averages. The light yellow band shows the interval between the smallest and the largest value among the neighbouring points of the grid.

Figure S20. Modelled (solid dark red line) and observed (dark red dots) relative humidity in particular street canyon observation locations. The modelled values represent the one-hour floating average while the darker grey line shows the original 10-minutes averages. The light grey band shows the interval between the smallest and the largest value among the neighbouring points of the grid. The thin dotted red line indicates corresponding value from WRF simulation.

Figure S21. Modelled (solid dark grey line) and observed (dark grey dots) U-component of wind speed (parallel to street direction) in particular street canyon observation locations. The modelled values represent the one-hour floating average while the darker green line shows the original 10-minutes averages. The light green band shows the interval between the smallest and the largest value among the neighbouring points of the grid.

Figure S22. Modelled (solid green line) and observed (green dots) V-component of wind speed (perpendicular to street direction) in particular street canyon observation locations. The modelled values represent the one-hour floating average while the darker red line shows the original 10-minutes averages. The light red band shows the interval between the smallest and the largest value among the neighbouring points of the grid.

Figure S23. Modelled (solid green line) and observed (green dots) PM₁₀ concentration in particular street canyon observation locations. The modelled values represent the one-hour floating average while the darker magenta line shows the original 10-minutes averages. The light magenta band shows the interval between the smallest and the largest value among the neighbouring points of the grid. The thin dotted red line indicates corresponding value from CAMx simulation.

Figure S24. Mobile PM₁₀ measurements (+ marker, 1 min average) and modelled concentrations (solid, 10 min average) for 19 July 2018 morning (top left), 26 November morning (top right), 4 December 2018 morning (bottom left) and 4 December 2018 afternoon (bottom right).

S2. Common tables

Table S1. Measurement point locations with their coordinates and local climate zone (Stewart and Oke, 2012).
Name	Type	Longitude	Latitude	LCZ
FSv (above-roof wind)	anemometer	14.38900	50.10461	4
Jug. p. St. west	MV	14.39481	50.10359	2/5
Jug. p. St. east	MV	14.39526	50.10361	2/5
Orlík h. east	MV	14.39934	50.10198	2/5
Orlík h. west	MV	14.39914	50.10194	2/5
Bubeneč h. east	MV	14.39750	50.10505	2/5
Bubeneč. h. west	MV	14.39734	50.10497	2/5
Sinkule h.	MV 2D	14.39015	50.10125	2/B
HF Sinkule h.	HF	14.39014	50.10151	2/5
HF Zelená St.	HF	14.39575	50.10692	2/5
IR 01	IR	14.39042	50.10160	2/5
IR 02	IR	14.39263	50.10239	4
IR 03	IR	14.39009	50.10348	2/E
IR 04	IR	14.38973	50.10470	4
IR 05	IR	14.39156	50.10446	B
IR 06-1, IR 06-2	IR	14.39498	50.10392	2
IR 06-3	IR	14.39506	50.10354	2
IR 07	IR	14.39617	50.10498	2/5
IR 08	IR	14.39733	50.10519	2/5
IR 09	IR	14.39775	50.10213	2/5
IR 10	IR	14.39505	50.10134	D
IR 11	IR	14.39071	50.10034	2/E
IR 12	IR	14.39014	50.10127	2/B

Table S2. Schedule of the summer observation campaign.
Date	PALM validation episode	MV positions¹	MV at Sinkule house²	Mobile AQ³	IR camera	Heatflux⁴	Wind (above roof⁵)	Traffic intensities (camera)
10.–11.07.2018		Bubeneč E + W	✓				✓
12.07.2018		Bubeneč E + W	✓	✓			✓
13.07.2018		Bubeneč E + W to Orlík E + W	✓				✓
14.–15.07.2018	e1	Orlík E + W	✓				✓	✓
16.07.2018		Orlík E + W to Bubeneč E + Orlík E	✓				✓	Orlík W and Bubeneč E only
17.07.2018		Bubeneč E + Orlík E	✓				✓	Bubeneč E only
18.07.2018		Bubeneč E + Orlík E	✓	✓			✓	Bubeneč E only
19.07.2018	e2	Bubeneč E + Orlík E to Jug. p. E + W	✓	✓	✓	Sinkule 1F	✓	Bubeneč E and Jug. p. E only
20.–21.07.2018	e2	Jug. p. E + W	✓		✓	Sinkule 1F + G	✓	✓
22.–23.07.2018	e2	Jug. p. E + W	✓			Sinkule 1F + G	✓	✓
24.07.2018						Sinkule 1F + G	✓
25.07.–02.08.2018						Sinkule 1F + G
03.08.2018						Sinkule 1F + G to Zelená
04.–07.08.2018						Zelená

¹ Air quality (NO_X, NO₂, NO, O₃, SO₂, CO, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁) and meteorology (wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, global radiation, pressure, turbulent characteristic of wind flow). All variables in 1-min time resolution. E/W marks the position on the east/west side of street.
² As in ¹ but PM₁ and turbulent characteristic of wind flow were not measured.
³ Air quality (NO_X, NO₂, NO, O₃, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁), meteorology (wind speed and direction, air temperature), and information on traffic. PM and meteorology measurements not available on 12 Jul.
⁴ 1F is location in height of first floor (±5 m), G is in ground floor (±1 m).
⁵ Wind speed and direction in 1-sec resolution.

Table S3. Schedule of winter observation campaign.
Date	PALM validation episode	MV positions¹	MV at Sinkule house²	Mobile AQ³	IR camera	Heatflux⁴	Wind (above roof⁵)	Traffic intensities (camera)
23.11.2018		Bubeneč E + W	✓				✓	✓
24.–25.11.2018	e1	Bubeneč E + W	✓				✓	✓
26.11.2018	e1	Bubeneč E + W	✓	✓		Zelená	✓	✓
27.11.2018	e2	Bubeneč E + W to Orlík E + W	✓			Zelená	✓	✓
28.11.2018	e2	Orlík E + W	✓			Zelená	✓ +drone	✓
29.11.2018	e2	Orlík E + W	✓			Zelená	✓	✓
30.11.2018		Orlík E + Orlík W to Bubeneč E	✓			Zelená	✓	✓
01.–02.12.2018		Orlík E + Bubeneč E	✓				✓	✓
03.12.2018		Bubeneč E + Orlík E to Jug. p. E	✓			Sinkule 1F + G	✓	✓
04.12.2018	e3	Bubeneč E + Jug. p. E	✓	✓	✓	Sinkule 1F + G	✓	✓
05.12.2018	e3	Bubeneč E + Jug. p. E	✓		✓	Sinkule 1F + G	✓ +drone	✓
06.12.2018	e3	Bubeneč E + Jug. p. E	✓		✓	Sinkule 1F + G	✓	✓
07.12.2018		Jug. p. E + Bubeneč E to Jug. p. W	✓			Sinkule 1F + G	✓	✓
08.12.2018		Jug. p. E + W	✓			Sinkule 1F + G	✓	✓
09.–10.12.2018		Jug. p. E + W	✓			Sinkule 1F + G	✓	✓

¹ Air quality (NO_X, NO₂, NO, O₃, SO₂, CO, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁) and meteorology (wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, global radiation, pressure, turbulent characteristic of wind flow). All variables in 1-min time resolution. E/W marks the position on the east/west side of street.
² As in ¹ but PM₁ and turbulent characteristic of wind flow were not measured.
³ Air quality (NO_X, NO₂, NO, O₃, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, PM₁, and SO₂ - 26 Nov only), meteorology (wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity - 4 Dec only), and information on traffic.
⁴ 1F is location in height of first floor (±5 m), G is in ground floor (±1 m).
⁵ Wind speed and direction in 1-sec resolution. Drone measured air temperature, relative humidity and number of particles.}

Table S4. Meteorological stations used for WRF evaluation.
Code	WMO code	Name	Longitude	Latitude	Altitude [m ASL]
P1PKAR01	11519	Praha, Karlov	14.427800	50.069200	261
P1PLIB01	11520	Praha, Libuš	14.446900	50.007800	302
P1PRUZ01	11518	Praha, Ruzyně	14.255600	50.100300	364

Table S5. Air quality stations used for evaluation of the CAMx model.
Code	Name	Classification¹	Longitude	Latitude	Elevation [m]	Method² PM₁₀	Method² NO_X
AKOBA	Praha 8-Kobylisy	B/S/R	14.467578	50.122189	269	RADIO	CHLM
ASUCA	Praha 6-Suchdol	B/S/R	14.384639	50.126528	277	RADIO	not measured
AREPA	Praha 1-n. Republiky	B/U/C	14.429220	50.088065	190	RADIO	CHLM
ARIEA	Praha 2-Riegrovy sady	B/U/NR	14.442692	50.081483	256	RADIO	CHLM
ABREA	Praha 6-Brevnov	B/U/RN	14.380116	50.084385	300	RADIO	CHLM

¹ Station EoI (exchange of information) classification (97/101/EC): B - Background, S - Suburban, U - Urban, R - Regional, C - Comercial, NR - natural, residential, RN - residential, natural.
² Measurement methods: RADIO - radiometry; beta ray absorption; CHLM - chemiluminescence.

Table S6. Surface categories and parametres for the BSM model.
Category code	Surface						Volume			Description
Category code	Albedo	Emissivity	Roughness length (m)	Roughness length heat (m)	Volumetric thermal capacity (J/K/m3)	Thermal conduc-tivity (W/m/K)	Thickness (m)	Volumetric thermal capacity (J/K/m3)	Thermal conduc-tivity (W/m/K)	Surface	Storage
101	0.30	0.93	0.0002	0.0002	1,000,000	2.0	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	sheet metal	insulated bricks
102	0.40	0.93	0.0012	0.0012	1,360,000	0.5	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	bricks	insulated bricks
103	0.35	0.93	0.0010	0.0010	1,360,000	0.5	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	plain bricks	insulated bricks
104	0.40	0.93	0.0003	0.0003	1,200,000	0.3	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	plain paving	insulated bricks
105	0.35	0.93	0.0007	0.0007	1,200,000	0.3	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	plain tiling	insulated bricks
106	0.40	0.93	0.0009	0.0009	1,300,000	0.5	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	plaster	insulated bricks
107	0.40	0.93	0.0009	0.0009	1,000,000	0.2	0.40	600,000	0.1	insulating plaster	insulated blocks
108	0.40	0.93	0.0010	0.0010	1,080,000	0.5	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	plaster + bricks	insulated bricks
109	0.30	0.95	0.0050	0.0050	1,080,000	0.5	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	plaster + green wall	insulated bricks
110	0.40	0.93	0.0010	0.0010	1,190,000	0.4	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	plaster + tiling	insulated bricks
111	0.40	0.93	0.0007	0.0007	2,100,000	0.6	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	plaster + glass	insulated bricks
112	0.40	0.93	0.0007	0.0007	1,500,000	0.2	0.40	1,000,000	0.1	plastics	insulated structure
113	0.50	0.92	0.0007	0.0007	2,100,000	0.9	0.40	1,000,000	0.2	glass	bricks
114	0.50	0.92	0.0007	0.0007	2,100,000	0.9	0.35	1,008,000	0.5	glass	insulation
115	0.50	0.92	0.0007	0.0007	2,100,000	0.6	0.40	600,000	0.2	glass + plaster	fired blocks
116	0.40	0.93	0.0008	0.0008	2,450,000	0.6	0.35	25,000	0.0	plaster + glass	insulation
117	0.40	0.93	0.0011	0.0011	1,000,000	0.3	0.40	1,000,000	0.1	stucco	insulated bricks
118	0.50	0.92	0.0007	0.0007	2,100,000	0.5	0.35	100,000	0.1	glass	steel-concrete structure
119	0.50	0.92	0.0007	0.0007	1,500,000	0.2	0.35	25,000	0.0	plastics layer	air
120	0.50	0.92	0.0010	0.0010	1,600,000	1.0	0.35	960,000	0.2	concrete	concrete+insulation
121	0.50	0.92	0.0100	0.0100	2,100,000	0.9	0.35	100,000	0.2	metro-bus-tram stops	air
122	0.50	0.92	0.0100	0.0100	2,000,000	0.2	0.35	100,000	0.2	shelters	air
123	0.50	0.92	0.0050	0.0050	2,000,000	0.2	0.35	2,000,000	0.2	wood	wood
201	0.50	0.93	0.0010	0.0010	1,144,000	0.5	0.30	1,144,000	0.3	sheet metal	softwood
202	0.60	0.70	0.0100	0.0100	1,500,000	0.7	0.35	1,144,000	0.5	concrete/fired tile	concrete/brick/wood
203	0.20	0.93	0.0010	0.0010	956,800	0.5	0.30	1,144,000	0.3	asphalt belt	softwood
204	0.30	0.96	0.0100	0.0100	1,500,000	1.0	0.45	1,500,000	1.0	grass	soil
205	0.30	0.96	0.0500	0.0500	1,500,000	1.0	0.45	1,500,000	1.0	grass+shrubs	soil
206	0.50	0.92	0.0007	0.0007	1,300,000	1.0	0.35	1,512,000	1.0	glass	air
207	0.66	0.59	0.0100	0.0100	1,125,000	1.6	1.00	1,328,000	1.5	pebble gravel	concrete
208	0.55	0.91	0.1000	0.1000	4,187,000	0.6	1.00	6,699,200	0.6	equipments	concrete
209	0.64	0.85	0.0010	0.0010	1,840,000	1.6	1.00	1,360,000	1.6	concrete	concrete
210	0.40	0.93	0.0007	0.0007	2,000,000	0.7	0.35	1,512,000	1.0	plastics	bricks

Table S7. Assignment of evaluation surface points to surface categories.
Category	Evaluation points	Section
pavements	01-2_H1, 02-1_H1, 02-1_H2, 02-2_H1, 02-3_H2, 02-4_H2, 03-1_H1, 03-2_H1, 03-2_H2, 03-2_H3, 04-1_H1, 05-1_H2, 06-1_H1, 06-1_H2, 06-2_H1, 06-2_H2, 07-1_H1, 07-1_H2, 07-2_H1, 07-2_H2, 10-1_H1, 10-1_H2, 10-1_H3, 10-2_H2, 10-2_H5, 11-1_H1, 11-2_H1, 12-1_H1, 12-1_H2	4.3.2
streets	01-1_H1, 01-1_H2, 02-2_H2, 06-1_H3, 06-2_H3, 06-3_H1, 07-1_H3, 07-1_H4, 07-2_H3, 08-1_H1, 08-1_H2, 08-2_H1, 08-2_H2, 09-1_H1, 09-1_H2, 09-1_H3, 09-2_H1, 09-2_H2, 09-2_H3, 09-2_H4, 10-2_H3, 10-2_H4, 11-1_H2, 11-2_H2	4.3.2
grass	02-3_H1, 02-4_H1, 04-1_H1, 05-1_H1, 05-1_H3, 05-1_H4, 05-2_H1, 06-3_H2, 10-3_H1	4.3.2
wall (traditional building)	01-1_V1, 01-1_V2, 01-2-B-1..3, 02-2_V2, 02-2_V3, 03-2_V1, 03-2_V2, 06-2_V1..5, 06-4_V1..4, 07-1_V1..4, 07-2_V1..5, 08-1_V2, 08-2_V2..4, 09-1_V1..5, 09-2_V1..7, 11-1_V1..5, 12-1_V1..3	4.3.3
wall (contemporary office building)	02-1_V1, 02-3_V1, 02-3_V2, 02-4_V1, 02-4_V2, 04-2_V1, 04-2_V2, 04-4_V1, 05-2_V1	4.3.3
wall (glass like surface building)	03-1_V1, 03-1_V2, 04-1_V2, 04-3_V1, 04-3_V2, 05-1_V1, 06-1_V1, 06-1_V2, 11-2_V1..3	4.3.3
plant canopy affected surface	02-1_H2, 02-2_H1, 02-2_H2, 04-1_H4, 05-1_H1, 05-1_H4, 05-2_H2, 06-2_H2, 08-1_V2, 08-1_H1, 08-1_H2, 08-2_V2..4, 08-2_V1, 08-2_V2, 09-1_V1..5, 09-1_V2, 09-2_V7, 09-2_H2, 09-2_H4, 12-1_H2	4.3.4

S3. Infrared measurements

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-00-1 (for more details see location IR-01 on Fig. 1 and Tab. S1; IR-00 is same position with extra images for a heat flux validation). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-01-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-01-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-02-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-02-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Mapy.cz.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-02-3 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-02-4 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-03-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-03-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-04-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-04-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-04-3 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-04-4 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-05-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-05-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-06-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-06-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the locations IR-06-3 and IR-06-4 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-07-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-07-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-08-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-08-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-09-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-09-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the locations IR-10-1 through IR-10-3 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-11-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-11-2 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Google.

Observed and modelled surface temperature for the location IR-12-1 (for more details see Fig. 1 and Tab. S1). Coloured points representing measurements using infra-red camera, line is modelled value. Top left image © 2020 Mapy.cz.

Supplementary figures

S1. Common figures

S2. Common tables

S3. Infrared measurements

S4. Surface quantities

Summer campaign (e2)

Winter campaign (e3)