# Model Documentation

### | Version 4.0

created with goxygen 0.21.1

# 57_maccs

# Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (57_maccs)

## Description

This module describes technical mitigation of GHG emissions. It allows to reduce GHG emissions by undertaking mitigation measures in exchange for additional mitigation costs. The technical mitigation measures include, for example, better spreader maintenance, feed additives or investments in animal waste management facilities. Please note that technical mitigation is possible only in the "on" module realization below. For simplicity, we considered only the effects of mitigation measure costs and emissions. Their direct consequences on biophysical values like yields or water requirements is ignored at the moment.

Mitigation costs are estimated using marginal abatement cost curves (MACCs). The curves are applied on the original emissions before technical mitigation (btm), and reduce them by a certain percentage in exchange for additional costs. The MACCs used in this module are based on the data from Lucas et al. (2007).

## Interfaces

Interfaces to other modules

### Input

module inputs (A: off_jul16 | B: on_sep16)
| Description | Unit | A | B
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
im_pollutant_prices (t_all, i, pollutants) | Certificate prices for N2O-N CH4 CO2-C | \(USD_{05MER}/Mg\) |  | x
vm_btm_reg (i, emis_source, pollutants) | Regional emissions before technical mitigation | \(Tg/yr\) |  | x

### Output

module outputs
| Description | Unit
--- | --- | ---
im_maccs_mitigation (t, i, emis_source, pollutants) | Technical mitigation of GHG emissions | \(1\)
vm_maccs_costs (i) | Costs of technical mitigation of GHG emissions | \(10^6 USD_{95MER}/yr\)

## Realizations

### (A) off_jul16

Technical mitigation is not considered in this realization.

Accordingly, this implementation sets the cost of technical mitigation of GHG emissions (`vm_maccs_costs`) to zero. Please see and compare this with the equation in the next realization.

    vm_maccs_costs.fx(i) = 0;
    im_maccs_mitigation(t,i,emis_source,pollutants) = 0;

> Limitations It is unrealistic to assume no technical mitigation attempts.

### (B) on_sep16

Unlike the previous realization, this implementation allows for the possibility that non-CO2 emissions can be reduced by technical mitigation at additional costs.

Therefore, the equation below is used to estimate the mitigation costs. It is simply calculated as a product of emissions before technical mitigation (`vm_btm_reg`) and the incremental costs of mitigation (`p57_maccs_costs_integral`). The mitigation costs will go into the objective function of the model.

\[\begin{multline*} vm\_maccs\_costs(i2) \geq \sum_{ct,emis\_source}\left( p57\_maccs\_costs\_integral(ct,i2,emis\_source,"n2o\_n\_direct") \cdot vm\_btm\_reg(i2,emis\_source,"n2o\_n\_direct") + p57\_maccs\_costs\_integral(ct,i2,emis\_source,"ch4") \cdot vm\_btm\_reg(i2,emis\_source,"ch4")\right) \end{multline*}\]

> Limitations There are still issues related to data quality used by our source.

## Definitions

### Objects

module-internal objects (A: off_jul16 | B: on_sep16)
| Description | Unit | A | B
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
f57_maccs_ch4 (t_all, i, maccs_ch4, maccs_steps) | CH4 MACC from Image model | \(USD_{05MER}/tC\) |  | x
f57_maccs_n2o (t_all, i, maccs_n2o, maccs_steps) | N2O MACC from Image model | \(USD_{05MER}/tC\) |  | x
i57_mac_step (t, i) | Helper to map CO2 prices and maccs_steps | \(1\) |  | x
p57_maccs_costs_integral (t, i, emis_source, pollutants) | Costs of technical mitigation | \(USD_{95MER}/tC\) |  | x
q57_total_costs (i) | Calculation of total costs of technical mitigation | \(10^6USD_{95MER}/yr\) |  | x

### Sets

sets in use
| description
--- | ---
emis_source | Emission sources
i | World regions
maccs_ch4 | ch4 mitigation categories with MACCS
maccs_n2o | n2o mitigation categories with MACCS
maccs_steps | maccs tax level steps
pollutants(pollutants_all) | subset of pollutants_all that can be taxed
t_all | 5-year time periods
t(t_all) | Simulated time periods

## Authors

Benjamin Leon Bodirsky

## See Also

11_costs, 56_ghg_policy

## References

Lucas, Paul L., Detlef P. van Vuuren, Jos G.J. Olivier, and Michel G.J. den Elzen. 2007. “Long-Term Reduction Potential of Non-Co2 Greenhouse Gases.” Environmental Science & Policy 10 (2): 85–103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2006.10.007.